Pet First Aid

# Localization note
- Emergency vet availability and cost vary hugely by country and region
  US: ASPCA Poison Control 1-888-426-4435 ($75 consultation fee)
  UK: Animal Poison Line 01202 509000, PDSA for low-income vet care
  Australia: Animal Poisons Helpline 1300 869 738
  Canada: Pet Poison Helpline 1-855-764-7661
- Toxic plants and wildlife vary by region (different snakes, spiders,
  toads, and plants in different climates)
- Vet school clinics and low-cost options vary by location
- In some countries, veterinary emergency care is subsidized or
  available through animal charities (RSPCA in UK/AU, SPCA in NZ/US)
- Medication names and availability may differ internationally

EMERGENCY TRIAGE -- IS THIS A VET-NOW SITUATION?

GO TO EMERGENCY VET IMMEDIATELY:
- Difficulty breathing (gasping, blue/white gums, extended neck)
- Uncontrolled bleeding (won't stop with 5 min of pressure)
- Suspected poisoning (see Step 4 for specific toxins)
- Seizure lasting more than 3 minutes or multiple seizures
- Collapse or inability to stand
- Hit by car (even if pet seems fine -- internal injuries are common)
- Bloated/distended abdomen with retching but nothing coming up (dogs)
  THIS IS BLOAT -- LIFE-THREATENING. Minutes matter.
- Eye injury (squinting, visible damage, swelling)
- Unable to urinate for 24+ hours (especially male cats -- urinary
  blockage is fatal within 48-72 hours)
- Suspected broken bone (limb at wrong angle, won't bear weight)
- Burns
- Heatstroke (panting heavily, bright red gums, staggering)
- Penetrating wound (puncture, impaled object -- don't remove it)

CAN LIKELY WAIT UNTIL REGULAR VET HOURS:
- Minor limping but still bearing weight on the leg
- Small cuts or scrapes (superficial, bleeding stopped)
- Vomiting once or twice but otherwise alert and hydrated
- Diarrhea without blood
- Decreased appetite for less than 24 hours
- Minor ear issues (head shaking, scratching)
- Skin irritation, hot spots, rashes

WHEN IN DOUBT:
Call your vet's after-hours line. Most clinics have one.
Or call an emergency vet -- they'll do a phone triage for free
and tell you if you need to come in.

NORMAL VITAL SIGNS -- KNOW THESE

             DOGS                    CATS
Heart rate:  60-140 bpm (small dogs  120-220 bpm
             up to 180 bpm)
Breathing:   10-30 breaths/min       20-30 breaths/min
Temperature: 101-102.5F (38.3-39.2C) 100.5-102.5F (38-39.2C)
Gum color:   Pink and moist          Pink and moist

HOW TO CHECK:

HEART RATE: Place your hand on the left side of the chest, just
behind the elbow. Count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4.
Or feel the femoral pulse: inside of the rear thigh, where the
leg meets the body.

BREATHING: Watch the chest rise and fall. Count breaths for
15 seconds, multiply by 4.

GUM COLOR (Capillary Refill Test):
1. Lift the lip and look at the gums
2. Press a finger against the gum for 2 seconds (it goes white)
3. Release and count how fast the pink color returns
4. Normal: returns in 1-2 seconds
5. ABNORMAL: pale/white gums, blue gums, bright brick-red gums,
   yellow gums, or refill time over 3 seconds
   ANY of these = go to vet NOW

TEMPERATURE: Rectal thermometer with petroleum jelly.
Insert 1 inch. Wait for beep.
Over 104F (40C) = overheating. Under 99F (37.2C) = hypothermia.
Both need vet attention.

WOUND CARE -- DOGS AND CATS

MINOR WOUNDS (shallow cuts, scrapes, small punctures):

1. RESTRAIN SAFELY: Even gentle pets may bite when in pain.
   - Dog: Have someone hold the head. Muzzle if needed (use a
     strip of cloth -- loop around snout, tie under chin, tie behind ears).
     NEVER muzzle a vomiting animal.
   - Cat: Wrap in a towel ("burrito wrap"), leaving wound exposed.

2. CLEAN THE WOUND:
   - Flush with warm water or saline solution (1 tsp salt per quart water)
   - Use a syringe or squeeze bottle for gentle pressure
   - Remove visible debris with tweezers
   - Do NOT use hydrogen peroxide (damages tissue and slows healing)
   - Do NOT use alcohol (pain, tissue damage)
   - Betadine diluted to the color of weak tea is OK

3. APPLY ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT:
   - Plain Neosporin/triple antibiotic is safe for dogs
   - For cats: use only if they won't lick it (they usually will)
   - Do NOT use any ointment with pain relief ingredients
     (the "-caine" ingredients are toxic to cats)

4. COVER AND PROTECT:
   - Light gauze bandage, secured with medical tape
   - Prevent licking: E-collar (cone of shame) is most reliable
   - DIY alternative: a baby onesie or old t-shirt can cover torso wounds
   - Check and change bandage daily

5. WATCH FOR INFECTION (next 3-5 days):
   - Increasing redness, swelling, warmth
   - Discharge (pus, especially green/yellow)
   - Bad smell
   - Pet becoming lethargic or feverish
   -> Any of these = vet visit

DEEP WOUNDS / HEAVY BLEEDING:
1. Apply direct pressure with a clean cloth for 5-10 minutes
2. Don't remove the cloth -- add more on top if it soaks through
3. If bleeding won't stop, apply pressure AND go to emergency vet
4. For puncture wounds: do NOT try to clean deep inside.
   Flush the surface, cover, and get to the vet.
   Puncture wounds are high infection risk.

COMMON PET POISONS -- RESPONSE BY URGENCY

CALL POISON CONTROL FIRST: ASPCA 1-888-426-4435 ($75 fee)
They will tell you exactly what to do for the specific substance
and amount ingested. Worth the money every time.

HIGH URGENCY -- VET IMMEDIATELY:
- XYLITOL (sugar-free gum, some peanut butter, sugar-free candy):
  Can cause fatal blood sugar crash and liver failure in dogs
  within 30 minutes. EXTREMELY dangerous. Even small amounts.
  Go to vet NOW. Do not wait for symptoms.

- ANTIFREEZE (ethylene glycol): Lethal in tiny amounts.
  1 tablespoon can kill a cat. 3 tablespoons can kill a medium dog.
  Sweet taste attracts pets. Vet within 1-2 hours or it's often fatal.

- RAT POISON (rodenticides): Multiple types, each with different
  treatment. Bring the packaging to the vet -- the active ingredient
  determines the treatment. Time window varies by type.

- LILY (all parts -- Lilium and Hemerocallis species): CATS ONLY.
  Even pollen on fur that's groomed off can cause fatal kidney
  failure. Any lily exposure in a cat = emergency vet immediately.

- GRAPES AND RAISINS: Kidney failure in dogs. Amount that causes
  toxicity is unpredictable -- some dogs eat a handful and are fine,
  others are poisoned by a few. Treat every exposure as serious.

MODERATE URGENCY -- VET WITHIN A FEW HOURS:
- CHOCOLATE: Toxicity depends on type and amount.
  Dark/baking chocolate: dangerous in small amounts
  Milk chocolate: dangerous in moderate amounts
  White chocolate: low toxicity but high fat (pancreatitis risk)
  Rule of thumb: 1 oz of dark chocolate per pound of body weight
  is a medical emergency. Less = call poison control for guidance.

- IBUPROFEN / NAPROXEN (Advil, Motrin, Aleve): Toxic to dogs and
  cats. Can cause kidney failure and stomach ulcers.
  Even one pill for a small dog or cat = call vet.

- ACETAMINOPHEN (Tylenol): Extremely toxic to CATS. One pill can
  be fatal. Dogs tolerate slightly more but still dangerous.

- ONIONS AND GARLIC: Toxic to dogs and cats (cats more sensitive).
  Causes red blood cell damage. Effects may be delayed 3-5 days.
  Small amounts in food are usually OK; a whole onion is not.

LOWER URGENCY -- MONITOR AND CALL VET:
- MARIJUANA/THC: Dogs are very sensitive. Lethargy, wobbling,
  urine dribbling, dilated pupils. Rarely fatal but vet if severe.
  Be honest with the vet -- they don't report you.
- COFFEE/CAFFEINE: Similar to chocolate toxicity. Small amounts
  cause restlessness, large amounts can be serious.

WHEN TO INDUCE VOMITING vs. WHEN NOT TO:
- ONLY induce vomiting if instructed by a vet or poison control
- NEVER induce vomiting if:
  -> Pet ate something caustic (bleach, drain cleaner, batteries)
  -> Pet ate something sharp
  -> Pet is already vomiting
  -> Pet is unconscious or seizing
  -> It's been more than 2 hours since ingestion
- If told to induce vomiting in a dog: 3% hydrogen peroxide,
  1 teaspoon per 5 lbs of body weight, max 3 tablespoons.
  Give by mouth with syringe. Walk the dog -- movement helps.
- NEVER induce vomiting in cats at home. Cats are different --
  the vet needs to do this.

CHOKING -- DOGS

SIGNS: Pawing at mouth, gagging, drooling, blue gums, distress

1. OPEN THE MOUTH AND LOOK:
   - Restrain the dog. Open the jaw wide.
   - If you can SEE the object, try to sweep it out with your finger.
   - Use caution -- a choking dog may bite.
   - Do NOT blindly push your fingers deep into the throat
     (can push the object further in).

2. IF YOU CAN'T REMOVE IT -- MODIFIED HEIMLICH:
   Small dog (under 30 lbs):
   - Hold dog with back against your chest
   - Place fist just below the rib cage
   - Give 5 quick upward thrusts

   Large dog:
   - Stand behind the dog
   - Wrap arms around the belly
   - Place fist just below the rib cage
   - Give 5 firm upward thrusts

3. IF STILL CHOKING:
   - Lay dog on its side
   - Give 5 sharp compressions to the rib cage
   - Check mouth, sweep if object is visible
   - Repeat Heimlich and compressions
   - Get to vet while continuing attempts

CHOKING -- CATS
- Open mouth, look for visible object
- If visible, attempt removal with tweezers (not fingers -- cat
  mouths are small and you risk being bitten)
- DO NOT attempt Heimlich on cats -- their ribcages are fragile
- If cat is choking and you can't see/remove the object, go to vet
  immediately

AFTER ANY CHOKING EPISODE: See the vet even if you cleared the
object. The throat may be damaged or irritated.

HEATSTROKE -- RECOGNITION AND RESPONSE

IT'S HEATSTROKE IF:
- Heavy, rapid panting that won't stop
- Bright red tongue and gums
- Thick, sticky saliva
- Staggering or wobbling
- Vomiting or diarrhea
- Collapse
- Rectal temperature above 104F (40C)

BREEDS AT HIGHEST RISK: Brachycephalic (flat-faced) dogs --
Bulldogs, Pugs, French Bulldogs, Boxers, Boston Terriers,
Shih Tzus, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Also: overweight dogs,
elderly dogs, thick-coated breeds, and any dog with heart/lung issues.

IMMEDIATE COOLING PROTOCOL:
1. Move to shade or air conditioning immediately
2. Offer cool (not cold) water to drink -- don't force it
3. Apply cool (not ice cold) water to:
   - Groin area
   - Armpits
   - Paw pads
   - Belly
4. Place cool wet towels on these areas (replace frequently --
   towels warm up quickly and then insulate heat IN)
5. Fan the dog while wet
6. DO NOT use ice water or ice packs -- causes blood vessels to
   constrict, trapping heat inside. Cool water only.
7. STOP active cooling when temperature reaches 103F (39.4C)
   -- overcooling is also dangerous
8. GO TO THE VET even if the dog seems to recover.
   Heatstroke causes organ damage that may not show immediately.

PREVENTION:
- Never leave a pet in a parked car. Ever. Even with windows cracked.
  A car hits 120F inside in 20 minutes on an 80F day.
- Walk dogs in early morning or evening during summer
- Asphalt test: place your hand on the pavement for 7 seconds.
  If it's too hot for your hand, it's too hot for paw pads.
- Always provide shade and water outdoors
- Clip (don't shave) thick-coated breeds in summer

SEIZURES -- WHAT TO DO

DURING A SEIZURE:
1. DO NOT restrain the pet
2. DO NOT put your hand near the mouth (they can't swallow their tongue)
3. Move objects away from the pet so they don't injure themselves
4. Note the TIME -- start a timer or check the clock
5. Turn off loud music/TV, dim lights if possible
6. VIDEO THE SEIZURE on your phone if possible (extremely helpful
   for the vet to see)

AFTER THE SEIZURE:
- The pet will be disoriented (post-ictal phase), may stagger,
  seem blind, or not recognize you. This is normal and temporary.
- Speak calmly, keep the environment quiet
- Don't try to give food or water until fully alert
- Note how long the seizure lasted and any unusual movements

VET IMMEDIATELY IF:
- Seizure lasts longer than 3 minutes
- Multiple seizures within 24 hours
- Pet doesn't return to normal within 30 minutes
- First-ever seizure (needs diagnosis)
- Pet is very young or very old

COMMON SEIZURE CAUSES:
- Epilepsy (most common in dogs, manageable with medication)
- Poisoning
- Liver or kidney disease
- Brain tumor (more common in older pets)
- Low blood sugar (especially small breeds and puppies)

AFFORDABLE VET CARE OPTIONS

VET SCHOOL CLINICS:
- Teaching hospitals at veterinary schools offer care at 30-50% less
  than private practice
- You get experienced vets supervising students -- often excellent care
- Wait times are longer
- Search: "[your state] veterinary school clinic"

LOW-COST CLINICS:
- ASPCA and local SPCAs often run low-cost clinics
- Humane societies frequently offer affordable basic care
- Search: "low-cost vet clinic near me" or check humanesociety.org

PAYMENT OPTIONS:
- CareCredit: Medical credit card, 0% interest promotions
  (6-24 months depending on amount). Apply at carecredit.com
- Scratchpay: Financing specifically for vet bills. scratchpay.com
- Ask your vet about payment plans -- many offer them if you ask

FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS:
- RedRover Relief: redrover.org (emergency financial assistance)
- The Pet Fund: thepetfund.com (non-emergency veterinary care)
- Brown Dog Foundation: browndogfoundation.org
- Breed-specific rescues often have emergency funds for their breed
- GoFundMe: many people successfully fundraise for vet emergencies

PET INSURANCE (for next time):
- Average cost: $30-60/month for dogs, $15-30/month for cats
- Covers accidents and illness (not pre-existing conditions)
- Worth it for: young pets, breeds prone to health issues, anyone who
  couldn't handle a sudden $3,000-5,000 vet bill
- Top-rated options as of 2026: Healthy Paws, Embrace, Trupanion
- Read the fine print: deductibles, coverage limits, waiting periods

PET FIRST AID KIT ($25):
[ ] Gauze rolls and pads
[ ] Medical tape (paper tape -- doesn't pull fur)
[ ] Triple antibiotic ointment
[ ] Hydrogen peroxide 3% (for inducing vomiting ONLY when directed by vet)
[ ] Digital thermometer (rectal)
[ ] Petroleum jelly
[ ] Tweezers
[ ] Blunt-tip scissors
[ ] Disposable gloves
[ ] Saline solution (wound flushing)
[ ] Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) -- 1mg per pound for dogs, ask vet for cat dose
[ ] Your vet's phone number and address
[ ] Emergency vet's phone number and address
[ ] ASPCA Poison Control: 1-888-426-4435