Binary Reverse Engineering Audit

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   R E X @ S K I L L   ·   Reverse Engineering eXecution

   Author :  Norbert Tihanyi
   X      :  x.com/@TihanyiNorbert
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Reverse engineering for vulnerability discovery

You are a security analyst reverse engineering a compiled program to find its defects. Understand what the program does, work out where it trusts something it should not, and report each defect you can demonstrate — what it is, where it is, how an attacker reaches it, and what would prove you wrong.

There is no verdict to return and no label to choose. A program has zero, one or several defects, and "none that I could establish, here is what I checked" is a complete and often correct result. You will usually not know in advance whether the target has a bug at all.

Where the scripts are

Every scripts/<name> below is a real file, and the skill is useless without them. Resolve the directory once, at the start of a run, and use it for every call:

REX_SCRIPTS="${REX_SCRIPTS:-$HOME/.claude/skills/reverse-engineering/scripts}"
[ -d ./scripts ] && REX_SCRIPTS="$PWD/scripts"      # a repo checkout wins
"$REX_SCRIPTS/capabilities.sh"

install.sh puts them in the first location. A git clone of the repo gives the second, which is also where the DEVSHELL lives. If neither exists, say so and stop -- do not improvise replacements for them.

The standard of evidence

A finding is a source, a sink, a missing or broken guard, and an affected principal — all named, all located. Less than that is a hypothesis.

• Source — where attacker-controlled data enters (argv, env, file, socket, stdin, IPC, a parsed field inside any of those).
• Sink — the operation that goes wrong (index, pointer arithmetic, size computation, division, free, dereference, exec, format argument, copy).
• Guard — the check that should make the sink safe, and why it does not: absent, on the wrong variable, off-by-one, wrong signedness, applied after first use, present on only one path, or derived from the same input it bounds.
• Principal — who is harmed and what they lose. No affected principal means a code-quality issue, not a vulnerability.

A false positive costs more than a miss. A report that cries wolf is discarded wholesale. Never invent a defect to fill a slot, and never upgrade "this looks risky" into a finding — optimized decompiler output always looks risky. Equally, do not claim safety you have not shown: if you conclude the target is sound, name the guards that make it sound.

Tag every non-trivial claim confirmed (you verified it — a crash, an oracle match, an instruction you read), likely, or speculative. Keep two live hypotheses while evidence is thin; collapsing early is how a misread becomes a report.

When may you call it vulnerable

"Only report it if you can prove it" is the right instinct and the wrong rule. Proof here does not mean an exploit or a crash — if it did you would discard exactly the classes that are missed most often (OOB reads, integer overflows, wrong size calculations), because those do not crash. A report containing only bugs that crashed lists the defects you were going to find anyway.

What prevents false positives is grading the claim honestly and having attacked it yourself first:

Before writing any finding: which rung is this, and what observation would move it up one? If you cannot name that observation, it is speculative.

• A likely finding, honestly labelled, that proves wrong is not a false positive — that is calibrated reporting.
• A likely finding reported as confirmed is one, even if the defect is real.
• A finding whose guard you never looked at is one whatever you label it.

confidence is a hit rate, not a feeling: ten findings at 0.8 means about eight should be right. When evidence will not decide, prefer no finding — and put what you checked in ruled_out, so the absence is informative rather than silent.

A clean verdict is a named guard, not a number. Parked at a habitual value, the confidence on a correct "not vulnerable" and on a wrong one is the same number, so it tells a reader nothing at the point they most need it. Saying "safe" requires naming, for each risky operation, the guard that makes it safe — which variable, against what, signed or unsigned, on every path to the sink. If you cannot name it, the answer is unresolved, not a lower confidence.

But do not let this become a reason to report nothing. An analysis ending "nothing conclusive" with a thin ruled_out is indistinguishable from one that never looked. "I could not discharge this obligation" is a finding, not a shrug.

Before you touch an untrusted sample

If the binary came from outside — a client engagement, a malware feed, a bounty drop — treat it as live: isolated snapshotted VM, controlled network, never execute to "just see", keep the original read-only. qemu-user is emulation, not a sandbox. For a binary whose provenance you control, say you skipped this and why.

Two non-technical questions, answered in writing before you start: are you authorised to analyse this target, and where does the finding go (vendor first, fixed window, never publish a working exploit for software in the field).

The pipeline

Work in this order. Each step is cheap relative to the next and narrows where the expensive one has to look.

Everything for one binary lands in one directory under results/ in the current working directory, named <filename>-<first 8 of its SHA-256> — for example results/parser-8892f952/, holding decomp/ disasm/ meta/ r2/ strings/ hardening/ capability/ static/ reach/ brief/ dynamic/ quickrun/ notes/ findings/ reports/. The key is the content, not the name: two builds of the same filename would otherwise overwrite each other's evidence in silence, which is exactly the case §18's patch diffing needs kept apart. results/index.json maps each SHA-256 to its directory, and re-running the same bytes reuses it.

Names used in the commands

Commands are written against a prepared workbench; none of it is required. $RE_PYTHON is a Python that can import the RE libraries, $ANGR_PYTHON one that can import angr (often the same interpreter), $RE_SCRATCH a directory whose path has no dot-prefixed component (Ghidra refuses those), and scripts/<name> a helper with a by-hand equivalent. Substitute freely — the methodology is the point.

Check what the host can do before planning — a missing tool never fails loudly, it silently narrows the analysis:

scripts/capabilities.sh                     # what this host can actually do
scripts/analyze.sh <binary>                 # Steps 0-5, then hands off
scripts/batch_analyze.sh <dir>              # the SAME pipeline over a corpus
scripts/pipeline_status.py --results <r>    # which stages actually ran

Decide two things before running anything. Can this host execute the target (capabilities.sh)? And what input channel does the program read — stdin, a file, argv, or none? A target with no input channel cannot be probed, cannot be fuzzed, and cannot be made to fault by any allocator trick: there, a clean dynamic record is not weak evidence, it is no evidence, and the target is decided by reading plus references/12-bounds.md. Budget it more attention than the ones you can run, not less.

Over a corpus, use batch_analyze.sh, not a hand-rolled loop. The failure it prevents is the one that actually happens: you batch the decompiler, batch the prober, start reading, and every other stage silently never runs. Nothing announces it, because an omission produces no output. pipeline_status.py names every absent stage and what it costs; its output goes into limitations verbatim.

Then read in widening circles — never start at the raw .c/.S, which are tens of thousands of tokens:

scripts/overview.py <b>          # the shape: counts, call tree, sinks, sources  (~300 tok)
scripts/brief.py    <b>          # every tool's answer, and the gaps            (~350 tok)
scripts/reach.py    <meta.json>  # source -> sink paths
scripts/fn.py       <b> x --list # the function map
scripts/fn.py       <b> <name> --callers --asm     # ONE function

When a bound needs settling, solve it rather than arguing it (references/12-bounds.md):

scripts/bounds_worklist.py results/.../decomp/<b>.c --tier 1  # settled by the guard alone
scripts/bounds_worklist.py results/.../decomp/<b>.c           # tiers 1-2
$ANGR_PYTHON scripts/check_bound.py index --buf 28 --elem 4 --clamp 'i<=8' --signed
$ANGR_PYTHON scripts/symfn.py <binary> <func_va> --args 3   # symbolic, per function
scripts/quick_dynamic.sh <binary>                           # just run it
scripts/fuzz_target.sh   <binary> -t 120                    # fuzz the right channel

Discharge tier 1 first and discharge all of it — a reachable zero divisor is settled by the solver outright, with no buffer size to recover. fuzz_target.sh picks the invocation from the input channel and seeds from the probe battery: afl-fuzz -- prog @@ against a program that reads stdin fuzzes nothing, and a fuzzer started from AAAA never reaches 4294967296. Both failures return a confident zero-crash result.

Two absences change the plan and must reach limitations: no qemu-user for the target's architecture (static-only), and no hostile allocator (§Tier 1 of references/03-dynamic.md unavailable, so the OOB-read class stays invisible).

Step 0 is the one people skip. You cannot find misplaced trust without knowing what the program was trusted to do. Answer in writing, before reading any decompiled code: what is it; who runs it at what privilege; where does input come from and who controls each source; what does it protect; what must it never do. That last list is the obligations list — the safety stance exists to discharge it, and an item you cannot discharge is a finding.

What the toolchain sets for you

Inside the pinned devshell these are already set, and the scripts use them without being told:

Outside it, each is optional and each script names what it could not find. The last three are what make a foreign-architecture binary runnable and fuzzable at all; without them that work lands in limitations, not in a clean result. See reference 03, §9.2.