Agent skill

AI Bias Special Category

by mukul975 in mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills

Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art. An agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills.

Apache-2.0Auto-check passedLegal & Compliance

Install AI Bias Special Category

skills CLI
$ npx skills add mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills --skill ai-bias-special-category -a claude-code

Project install by default; add -g for ~/.claude/skills/.

GitHub CLI
$ gh skill install mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills ai-bias-special-category --agent claude-code

Project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).

Manual copy
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .claude/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/privacy/ai-bias-special-category .claude/skills/ai-bias-special-category && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.claude/skills/ instead of .claude/skills for a personal install. The folder must contain SKILL.md.

Claude Code skills documentation · loads skills from .claude/skills/

Facts

Skill name
ai-bias-special-category
GitHub stars
301
Token cost
~2.9k tokens
SKILL.md length
1,236 words
Files
5 (incl. scripts, references, assets)
Skills in repo
280
Repo updated
First seen
Licence
Apache-2.0

At a glance

Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art. An agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills.

  • Works in 3 steps: Data Audit → Model Testing → Output Analysis
  • Tasks that involve Privacy and GDPR
  • SKILL.md covers Overview, Art. 9 Special Categories and…, Fairness Metrics and Bias Detection Methodology, plus 5 more sections
  • Runs Python scripts from its folder

What it does

AI Bias Special Category is an agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills. Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art. 9 special category data and AI Act Art. 10 data governance. Covers fairness metrics, bias detection methods, mitigation strategies, and documentation requirements for protected characteristics. Keywords: AI bias, special category, fairness metrics, discrimination, Art. 9, Art. 10.

Its SKILL.md is about 2.9k tokens, which your agent loads only when the skill is triggered. The skill folder holds 7 other files, including scripts, reference files and assets (for example `assets/template.md`, `references/standards.md` and `references/workflows.md`).

It sits in Legal & Compliance, covering Privacy and GDPR, AI governance and Data governance. The repository describes itself as: 282+ structured privacy & data protection skills for AI agents. GDPR, CCPA, EU AI Act, HIPAA, LGPD, PIPL, DPDP Act. The licence is Apache-2.0.

When your agent uses it

  • Tasks that involve Privacy and GDPR
  • Tasks that involve AI governance
  • Tasks that involve Data governance

Example prompts

  • “Use the ai-bias-special-category skill to assess AI bias risks for GDPR Art. An agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills”
  • “/ai-bias-special-category”

Requirements

  • Python 3

Workflow steps

3 steps, taken from the step headings in SKILL.md.

  1. Data Audit
  2. Model Testing
  3. Output Analysis

What it can do on your machine

Read from SKILL.md and the folder at commit 9b2ef9e. It shows what the files ask for, not the result of running them.

  • Tool permissions

    Pre-approves nothing: there is no allowed-tools line, so your agent's usual permission prompts apply.

    From allowed-tools in the SKILL.md frontmatter.

  • Runs code

    Ships 1 file in scripts/ (Python), which the agent can run.

    From the folder's file list and the shell code blocks in SKILL.md.

  • Network

    No URLs in SKILL.md.

    From URLs in SKILL.md, links to its own repository left out.

  • Credentials

    Names no API keys, tokens, secrets or passwords.

    From names ending in _API_KEY, _TOKEN, _SECRET, _KEY or _PASSWORD in SKILL.md.

Context cost

AI Bias Special Category loads about 2.9k tokens when it runs, and up to ~4.4k if it reads all its reference files. Until then it costs about 86 tokens; SKILL.md has 1,236 words of instructions outside code blocks.

Always · name and description, kept in context so the agent knows when to use it
~86
When it runs · the whole SKILL.md, loaded when a task matches
~2.9k
With references · SKILL.md plus every file in references/, read only if the agent opens them
~4.4k

Estimates: characters ÷ 4, the usual rule of thumb; real counts depend on the model's tokenizer. Scripts and assets cost tokens only if the agent reads them.

Safety

Auto-check passed

The automated check found no risky patterns in SKILL.md.

Automated static check — not a guarantee. Review scripts before installing. It scans the text of SKILL.md for risky patterns (piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files, hidden Unicode, destructive commands); the scripts in this folder are not scanned.

SKILL.md

The full file from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills at commit 9b2ef9e, republished under its Apache-2.0 licence (© mukul975). 1,236 words, ~2,878 tokens.

Download SKILL.mdSave it as .claude/skills/ai-bias-special-category/SKILL.md (or your agent's skills folder). This skill also uses 4 other files; get the full folder from GitHub.
name
ai-bias-special-category
description
Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art. 9 special category data and AI Act Art. 10 data governance. Covers fairness metrics, bias detection methods, mitigation strategies, and documentation requirements for protected characteristics. Keywords: AI bias, special category, fairness metrics, discrimination, Art. 9, Art. 10.
license
Apache-2.0
metadata.author
mukul975
metadata.version
1.0
metadata.domain
privacy
metadata.subdomain
ai-privacy-governance
metadata.tags
ai-bias, special-category, fairness-metrics, discrimination, art-9, data-governance

AI Bias Assessment for Special Category Data

Overview

AI systems can amplify, perpetuate, or introduce bias against protected groups defined by GDPR Art. 9 special categories (race, ethnicity, political opinion, religion, trade union membership, genetic data, biometric data, health, sexual orientation) and by EU equality law (gender, age, disability). The AI Act Art. 10 requires data governance practices for training data that address bias, while Art. 5 prohibits AI-based social scoring. This skill provides the methodology for detecting, measuring, and mitigating bias in AI systems that process or infer special category data, with documentation requirements meeting both GDPR and AI Act obligations.

Art. 9 Special Categories and AI Bias

Direct Processing of Special Category Data

When AI systems directly process Art. 9 data:

CategoryAI Bias RiskExample
Racial or ethnic originDiscrimination in hiring, credit, policingCV screening penalising names associated with ethnic minorities
Political opinionsPolitical profiling, content suppressionNews recommendation amplifying or suppressing political viewpoints
Religious beliefsService denial, discriminatory targetingInsurance pricing varying by religious affiliation
Trade union membershipEmployment discriminationPerformance scoring penalising union activity
Genetic dataGenetic discrimination in insurance/employmentHealth insurance pricing based on genetic predisposition
Biometric dataDifferential accuracy across demographicsFacial recognition with higher error rates for darker skin tones
Health dataHealth-based discriminationHiring algorithms penalising disability or mental health history
Sexual orientationDiscrimination, outingContent recommendation inadvertently revealing sexual orientation
Proxy Inference of Special Categories

AI models frequently infer Art. 9 data from non-sensitive features:

Proxy FeatureInferred CategoryMechanism
Postcode/zip codeRace/ethnicity, incomeResidential segregation patterns
First/last nameRace/ethnicity, religionName-ethnicity correlations
Browsing historyPolitical opinion, religion, healthContent consumption patterns
Purchase historyHealth status, religionMedication purchases, dietary products
Language patternsNational origin, educationDialect, vocabulary, grammar patterns
Device/app usageAge, income, disabilityAccessibility features, device type

EDPB position: inferring Art. 9 data from non-sensitive inputs constitutes processing of special category data — the same protections apply.

Fairness Metrics

Group Fairness Metrics
MetricDefinitionWhen to Use
Demographic parityP(positive outcomegroup A) = P(positive outcome
Equalized oddsTPR and FPR equal across groupsWhen accuracy should be equal across groups
Equal opportunityTPR equal across groups (relaxed equalized odds)When true positive detection should be equal
CalibrationP(Y=1score=s, group=A) = P(Y=1
Predictive parityPPV equal across groupsWhen positive predictions should be equally reliable
Individual Fairness Metrics
MetricDefinition
ConsistencySimilar individuals receive similar outcomes
Counterfactual fairnessOutcome would be the same if protected attribute were different
Causal fairnessNo causal path from protected attribute to outcome
Metric Selection Guidance
Decision ContextRecommended MetricJustification
Hiring/admissionsEqualized odds or equal opportunityEqual detection of qualified candidates across groups
Credit scoringCalibrationScore should mean the same probability regardless of group
Criminal riskEqualized oddsBoth FPR and TPR should be equal to avoid disproportionate impact
HealthcareEqual opportunity + calibrationEqual detection of conditions; equal meaning of risk scores
Content moderationDemographic parityContent removal should not disproportionately affect groups

Note: Mathematical impossibility results show that demographic parity, equalized odds, and calibration cannot all be satisfied simultaneously when base rates differ across groups. Document the trade-off explicitly.

Bias Detection Methodology

Phase 1: Data Audit
  1. Profile training data demographics against target population
  2. Identify underrepresented groups that may have lower model performance
  3. Check for historical bias in labelled data (e.g., biased hiring decisions used as ground truth)
  4. Identify label noise differential across groups
  5. Assess feature distributions across groups for proxy discrimination potential
Phase 2: Model Testing
  1. Evaluate model performance disaggregated by protected groups
  2. Compute selected fairness metrics for each protected group pair
  3. Run counterfactual testing: change protected attributes, observe output changes
  4. Test for intersectional bias (combinations of protected attributes)
  5. Evaluate model performance on edge cases and adversarial examples per group
Phase 3: Output Analysis
  1. Analyse decision distribution across groups
  2. Identify threshold effects that disproportionately impact specific groups
  3. Test for feedback loop amplification over time
  4. Assess output explanation fairness (are explanations equally informative across groups?)

Bias Mitigation Strategies

Pre-processing (Data-Level)
StrategyDescriptionTrade-off
ResamplingOver-sample underrepresented groups, under-sample overrepresentedMay reduce data diversity or introduce duplicates
ReweightingAssign higher weights to underrepresented group samplesComputationally simple; may not address structural bias
RelabellingCorrect historically biased labelsRequires domain expertise; may be subjective
Fair representation learningLearn latent representation that removes protected attribute informationMay lose legitimate correlations
Show full SKILL.md (485 more words)Show less
In-processing (Algorithm-Level)
StrategyDescriptionTrade-off
Adversarial debiasingTrain adversary to predict protected attribute from model; penalise successAccuracy-fairness trade-off; requires protected attribute data
Fairness constraintsAdd fairness metric as training constraintMay reduce overall accuracy; constraint satisfaction varies
RegularisationAdd fairness-related regularisation term to loss functionBalances accuracy and fairness; requires tuning
Causal modellingUse causal graph to block discriminatory pathsRequires causal knowledge; complex to implement
Post-processing (Output-Level)
StrategyDescriptionTrade-off
Threshold adjustmentDifferent decision thresholds per group to equalise metricsMay be perceived as unfair; legally complex
Score calibrationCalibrate scores per groupRequires sufficient group data; may reduce discrimination
Reject optionAbstain from decision for borderline cases across groupsReduces coverage; requires human fallback

AI Act Art. 10 Data Governance

Art. 10 requires for high-risk AI training data:

RequirementImplementation
Relevant dataTraining data must be relevant to the intended purpose
Sufficiently representativeData must represent the population the system will be deployed on
Free of errorsData quality assessment and cleaning processes
CompleteSufficient coverage of deployment scenarios
Appropriate statistical propertiesDistribution analysis including demographic representation
Bias examinationExamine training data for possible biases, especially related to Art. 10(2)(f)

Art. 10(5): Processing of special category data for bias detection is permitted for high-risk AI if:

  • Strictly necessary for bias monitoring, detection, and correction
  • Subject to appropriate safeguards (pseudonymisation, access controls)
  • Data is not used for other purposes
  • Deleted after bias assessment unless retention is required for compliance documentation

Documentation Requirements

Bias Assessment Report
SectionContent
System descriptionModel, purpose, affected groups
Protected attributes assessedArt. 9 categories + equality law characteristics
Fairness metrics selectedWith justification for selection
Data audit resultsTraining data demographics, representation gaps
Model testing resultsPer-group performance, fairness metrics, counterfactual results
Bias findingsIdentified disparities with severity assessment
Mitigation measuresApplied strategies with effectiveness evidence
Residual biasRemaining disparities after mitigation
Trade-off documentationAccuracy-fairness trade-offs, metric impossibility acknowledgement
Ongoing monitoring planPost-deployment fairness monitoring

Enforcement Precedents

  • Dutch Tax Authority (SyRI, 2020): Court struck down algorithmic fraud detection for discriminatory profiling — system disproportionately targeted residents of low-income, immigrant-background neighbourhoods.
  • Italian DPA v. Deliveroo (2021): Algorithmic worker management found to discriminate based on protected characteristics — Art. 22 and equality law violations.
  • Austrian DPA v. AMS Algorithm (2020): Austrian employment service algorithm that scored job seekers lower based on gender, age, disability, and citizenship — DPA found processing unlawful.
  • AEPD guidance (2021): Spanish DPA issued guidance on algorithmic discrimination, emphasising DPIA requirement for AI systems processing protected characteristics.
  • CNIL (2024): AI bias assessment framework published requiring fairness testing for high-impact AI systems.

Integration Points

  • ai-dpia: Bias assessment feeds into DPIA risk assessment for discrimination harms
  • ai-automated-decisions: Biased automated decisions trigger Art. 22 and equality law violations
  • ai-training-lawfulness: Art. 10(5) processing of special category data for bias detection requires documentation
  • ai-transparency-reqs: Bias findings should be disclosed in model cards and transparency documentation
  • ai-act-high-risk-docs: Art. 10 data governance documentation is part of conformity assessment

© mukul975, Apache-2.0. Rendered from Markdown: HTML in the file is shown as text, images as links, and headings moved down two levels. Raw file

Files

SKILL.md and 4 other files (scripts, references, assets) in skills/privacy/ai-bias-special-category of mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills.

  • SKILL.md
  • assets/template.md
  • references/standards.md
  • references/workflows.md
  • scripts/process.py

Open the folder on GitHubat commit 9b2ef9e

Compare with similar skills

AI Bias Special Category next to the 5 skills that share the most tags, products or categories with it. Stars are the repository's; “used in” counts other GitHub owners with a copy.

AI Bias Special Category compared with similar skills
SkillStarsUsed inTokensAuto-checkLicenceRepo updated
AI Bias Special Category this skillmukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills301—~2.9kAutomated safety check: PassApache-2.0
Compliance Testingpetrkindlmann/qa-skills170—~4.6kAutomated safety check: PassMIT
Compliance Osalirezarezvani/claude-skills28k—~3.3kAutomated safety check: PassMIT
Implementing Cloud Dlp For Data Protectionmukul975/Anthropic-Cybersecurity-Skills34k—~4.2kAutomated safety check: PassApache-2.0
Ra Qm Skillsalirezarezvani/claude-skills28k—~833Automated safety check: PassMIT
Cross Regulatory Impact Analyzer Patrick Munrolawve-ai/awesome-legal-skills847—~3.1kAutomated safety check: PassAGPL-3.0

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Questions about AI Bias Special Category

What does AI Bias Special Category do?

Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art. An agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills. AI Bias Special Category is an agent skill from mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills. Assesses AI bias risks for GDPR Art.

When should I use AI Bias Special Category?

AI Bias Special Category fits situations like: tasks that involve Privacy and GDPR; tasks that involve AI governance; tasks that involve Data governance.

How do I install AI Bias Special Category in Claude Code?

Run `npx skills add mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills --skill ai-bias-special-category -a claude-code`. Or copy the skill folder (skills/privacy/ai-bias-special-category in mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills) into .claude/skills/ai-bias-special-category in your project. Claude Code loads it when a task matches its description.

How do I install AI Bias Special Category in Codex?

Run `npx skills add mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills --skill ai-bias-special-category -a codex`. Or copy the skill folder (skills/privacy/ai-bias-special-category in mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills) into .agents/skills/ai-bias-special-category in your project. Codex loads it when a task matches its description.

Can I use AI Bias Special Category in Cursor, Gemini CLI or GitHub Copilot?

Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot and OpenCode also load SKILL.md folders. With the skills CLI, run `npx skills add mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills --skill ai-bias-special-category -a cursor` (or -a gemini-cli, github-copilot or opencode for the others). To copy it by hand, put the folder in .cursor/skills/ai-bias-special-category, .gemini/skills/ai-bias-special-category, .github/skills/ai-bias-special-category and .opencode/skills/ai-bias-special-category in your project.

What does AI Bias Special Category need to run?

Going by SKILL.md and its folder, AI Bias Special Category needs Python for the scripts in its folder. Our summary lists: Python 3.

Does AI Bias Special Category access the network?

SKILL.md contains no URLs. Any network use would come from the scripts or tools the agent runs. This is read from the text; nothing was executed.

Is AI Bias Special Category safe to install?

Our automated static check of SKILL.md found no risky patterns, such as piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files or hidden Unicode. It is not a guarantee. The check reads SKILL.md only: the scripts in the folder are not scanned, so read them before running anything.

What licence does AI Bias Special Category use?

AI Bias Special Category is published under the Apache-2.0 licence (declared in SKILL.md). It allows redistribution, so the full SKILL.md is shown on this page.

How many tokens does AI Bias Special Category use?

About 2.9k tokens (SKILL.md is roughly 12k characters). Agents keep only the skill's name and description in context until a task matches; then they load SKILL.md in full. Its references folder adds about 1.6k tokens, read only when the agent opens those files.

What are the alternatives to AI Bias Special Category?

Skills that share tags, products or a category with AI Bias Special Category: Compliance Testing (petrkindlmann/qa-skills, 170 stars), Compliance Os (alirezarezvani/claude-skills, 28k stars), Implementing Cloud Dlp For Data Protection (mukul975/Anthropic-Cybersecurity-Skills, 34k stars) and Ra Qm Skills (alirezarezvani/claude-skills, 28k stars). The comparison table on this page puts their stars, adoption, token cost, safety result and licence side by side.

Who maintains AI Bias Special Category?

mukul975 (a GitHub user) maintains it in mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills, which has 301 GitHub stars. The repository holds 280 skills in this directory. The repository was last updated on March 16, 2026.

Source: mukul975/Privacy-Data-Protection-Skills on GitHub. Facts on this page come from the repository at the commit we read; the author's words are quoted as theirs.