Excel Workbook Editor
TokenRhythm/opensquilla
Inspects, edits in place or creates Microsoft Excel .xlsx workbooks with openpyxl, treating each cell as a typed number, string, datetime or formula value.
Edit Excel workbooks only after anchored preflight audit, then require deterministic Python/openpyxl post-write proof that every requested criterion is satisfied or explicitly reconciled before…
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a claude-codeProject install by default; add -g for ~/.claude/skills/.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gate --agent claude-codeProject scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .claude/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .claude/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.claude/skills/ instead of .claude/skills for a personal install. The folder must contain SKILL.md.
Claude Code skills documentation · loads skills from .claude/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .claude/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.Claude Code copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$skill-installer install https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-mergedType this inside Codex. $skill-installer <name> installs a curated skill from openai/skills. The installer writes to $CODEX_HOME/skills (default ~/.codex/skills). Restart Codex if the skill does not show up.
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a codexProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.codex/skills/.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gate --agent codexProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .agents/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .agents/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.agents/skills/ instead of .agents/skills for a personal install.
Codex skills documentation · loads skills from .agents/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .agents/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.Codex copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a cursorProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.cursor/skills/.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gate --agent cursorProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .cursor/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .cursor/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.cursor/skills/ instead of .cursor/skills for a personal install.
Cursor skills documentation · loads skills from .cursor/skills/, .agents/skills/, .claude/skills/, .codex/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .cursor/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.Cursor copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ gemini skills install https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git --path benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged--scope user (default) or --scope workspace; --path is the subfolder of the repo that holds the skill; --consent skips the security confirmation prompt.
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a gemini-cliProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.gemini/skills/.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gate --agent gemini-cliProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .gemini/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .gemini/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.gemini/skills/ instead of .gemini/skills for a personal install, then run /skills reload.
Gemini CLI skills documentation · loads skills from .gemini/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .gemini/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.Gemini CLI copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gateInstalls for Copilot at project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Preview a skill first with gh skill preview. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a github-copilotProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.copilot/skills/.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .github/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .github/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.copilot/skills/ instead of .github/skills for a personal install. Commit .github/skills so cloud agent and code review can use it.
GitHub Copilot skills documentation · loads skills from .github/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .github/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.GitHub Copilot copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a opencodeOpenCode documents no install command of its own. Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.config/opencode/skills/.
$ gh skill install HKUDS/OpenSpace spreadsheet-proof-gate --agent opencodeProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace.git skills-src && mkdir -p .opencode/skills && cp -r skills-src/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged .opencode/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.config/opencode/skills/ instead of .opencode/skills for a personal install.
OpenCode skills documentation · loads skills from .opencode/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "spreadsheet-proof-gate" agent skill from https://github.com/HKUDS/OpenSpace/tree/main/benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged into .opencode/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "spreadsheet-proof-gate", then confirm the skill loads.OpenCode copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
spreadsheet-proof-gateEdit Excel workbooks only after anchored preflight audit, then require deterministic Python/openpyxl post-write proof that every requested criterion is satisfied or explicitly reconciled before…
Spreadsheet Proof Gate is an agent skill from HKUDS/OpenSpace. Edit Excel workbooks only after anchored preflight audit, then require deterministic Python/openpyxl post-write proof that every requested criterion is satisfied or explicitly reconciled before finalizing.
Its SKILL.md is about 4.5k tokens, which your agent loads only when the skill is triggered. The skill folder holds 1 other file.
It sits in Documents & Office, covering Excel spreadsheets. It works with Microsoft Excel, Python and openpyxl. The repository describes itself as: "OpenSpace: The Skill Management Layer for AI Agents" -- https://open-space.cloud/. The licence is MIT.
10 steps, taken from the step headings in SKILL.md.
Read from SKILL.md and the folder at commit 3827781. It shows what the files ask for, not the result of running them.
Pre-approves nothing: there is no allowed-tools line, so your agent's usual permission prompts apply.
From allowed-tools in the SKILL.md frontmatter.
No scripts in the folder and no shell commands in SKILL.md (its code samples are python).
From the folder's file list and the shell code blocks in SKILL.md.
No URLs in SKILL.md.
From URLs in SKILL.md, links to its own repository left out.
Names no API keys, tokens, secrets or passwords.
From names ending in _API_KEY, _TOKEN, _SECRET, _KEY or _PASSWORD in SKILL.md.
Spreadsheet Proof Gate loads about 4.5k tokens when it runs. Until then it costs about 57 tokens; SKILL.md has 2,087 words of instructions outside code blocks.
Estimates: characters ÷ 4, the usual rule of thumb; real counts depend on the model's tokenizer. Scripts and assets cost tokens only if the agent reads them.
The automated check found no risky patterns in SKILL.md.
Automated static check — not a guarantee. Review scripts before installing. It scans the text of SKILL.md for risky patterns (piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files, hidden Unicode, destructive commands); files beside SKILL.md are not scanned.
The full file from HKUDS/OpenSpace at commit 3827781, republished under its MIT licence (© HKUDS). 2,087 words, ~4,475 tokens.
.claude/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate/SKILL.md (or your agent's skills folder). This skill also uses 1 other file; get the full folder from GitHub.Use this skill when you must modify, create, or validate an Excel workbook and the result must be proven against a user specification rather than merely described.
This skill combines:
This is a workflow skill. It does not require a specific editor, but it does require a direct Python verification pass with openpyxl before you report success.
Use this skill when any of the following are true:
Never finalize from narrative summary alone.
A workbook task is only complete when:
PASSFAILUNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCEIf any mandatory criterion is still FAIL, do not declare success.
If a criterion is UNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCE, only finalize if:
All discovery, reads, writes, and verification must be anchored to the exact workspace path provided for the task.
Rules:
Your output to yourself and to the user should be based on proof, not inference.
For every task, maintain three artifacts internally:
Candidate inventoryPre-edit audit checklistPost-write proof checklistThe post-write proof checklist is decisive.
Search under the exact workspace root for plausible Excel files:
.xlsx.xlsm.xlsPrefer files that:
If several files are plausible, inspect all plausible candidates before choosing.
Before choosing the workbook to edit, confirm at least:
Do not select a workbook based on filename similarity alone.
Before editing, extract every requirement you can verify.
Possible criteria include:
Turn these into an explicit checklist.
Represent each requested requirement as a discrete checkable item.
Good examples:
required-sheet: Summary existsrequired-sheet: Sample existsrequired-column: Sheet Sample has column "Selected"sample-count: exactly 25 marked rows in Samplecoverage: at least 1 marked row where Product = Trade Financepreservation: source sheet RawData still existsformula: column H contains formulas for all populated rowsBad examples:
workbook looks rightsampling seems okaymost tabs presentBefore any write, inspect the workbook structure against the extracted criteria.
For each relevant workbook:
If you inspect the workbook multiple times or with multiple tools, the inspections must agree on:
If they disagree, treat workbook identity as unconfirmed.
If two inspections disagree on sheet names, row counts, dimensions, or headers, do not edit until you can produce all of the following:
If you cannot reconcile the conflict, the decision is no-go.
Proceed only if all are true:
Otherwise stop and report the mismatch.
Only after the workbook passes pre-edit audit:
Record at minimum:
This phase is mandatory.
After saving, directly inspect the saved workbook from disk with Python and openpyxl. Do not finalize from memory, delegated prose, or a generic success message.
The verification pass must produce a compact, machine-checkable checklist covering every extracted criterion.
The verification must be:
At minimum, the verification must report:
Each criterion must end in exactly one status:
PASS — requirement satisfied by direct inspectionFAIL — requirement not satisfiedUNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCE — requirement could not be satisfied because required source information was absent from the workbook or inputsDo not replace these with softer wording like:
You may finalize only when every required criterion is either:
PASS, orUNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCE with explicit reconciliationYou must not finalize when:
FAILIf direct proof says the workbook is incomplete, that proof is authoritative.
Create a numbered list of all checkable requirements from the user request.
Example:
<path>Sample existsSummary existsSample has column SelectedProduct = Trade FinanceRawData still existsUse a standalone script or inline Python. openpyxl is the default.
Your script should print, in a compact format:
Adapt this template to the task.
from pathlib import Path
from openpyxl import load_workbook
WORKBOOK = Path("TARGET.xlsx")
TRUTHY = {"x", "yes", "true", "1", "y"}
MARKER_CANDIDATES = {"mark", "marked", "flag", "selected", "include", "status"}
def norm(v):
if v is None:
return ""
return str(v).strip()
def lower(v):
return norm(v).lower()
def first_nonempty_row(ws, max_scan=20):
for r in ws.iter_rows(min_row=1, max_row=min(ws.max_row, max_scan), values_only=True):
vals = list(r)
if any(norm(v) != "" for v in vals):
return vals
return []
def data_rows(ws, header_row_idx=1):
count = 0
for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=header_row_idx + 1, values_only=True):
if any(norm(v) != "" for v in row):
count += 1
return count
def marker_index(headers):
normalized = [lower(h) for h in headers]
for i, h in enumerate(normalized):
if h in MARKER_CANDIDATES:
return i
return None
def is_truthy(v):
return lower(v) in TRUTHY
def marked_rows(ws, header_row_idx=1, idx=None):
if idx is None:
return 0
count = 0
for row in ws.iter_rows(min_row=header_row_idx + 1, values_only=True):
if not any(norm(v) != "" for v in row):
continue
value = row[idx] if idx < len(row) else None
if is_truthy(value):
count += 1
return count
criteria = []
print(f"WORKBOOK: {WORKBOOK}")
print(f"EXISTS: {WORKBOOK.exists()}")
if not WORKBOOK.exists():
print("CRITERION|output-exists|FAIL|Workbook file missing")
raise SystemExit(0)
wb = load_workbook(WORKBOOK, data_only=False)
print(f"SHEETS: {wb.sheetnames}")
for ws in wb.worksheets:
headers = first_nonempty_row(ws)
idx = marker_index(headers) if headers else None
print(f"SHEET|{ws.title}|HEADERS|{headers}")
print(f"SHEET|{ws.title}|DATA_ROWS|{data_rows(ws, header_row_idx=1)}")
if idx is not None:
print(f"SHEET|{ws.title}|MARKER_COLUMN|{headers[idx]}")
print(f"SHEET|{ws.title}|MARKED_ROWS|{marked_rows(ws, header_row_idx=1, idx=idx)}")
else:
print(f"SHEET|{ws.title}|MARKER_COLUMN|<not found>")
# Add explicit criteria below. Examples:
required_sheets = ["Sample", "Summary"]
for s in required_sheets:
status = "PASS" if s in wb.sheetnames else "FAIL"
reason = "present" if status == "PASS" else "missing"
print(f"CRITERION|required-sheet:{s}|{status}|{reason}")The generic script is not enough by itself. Extend it to test the actual request, such as:
If the task depends on category coverage, test category coverage explicitly rather than assuming it from total counts.
Example criteria additions:
exactly 40 marked rowsat least one marked row for each required regioncolumn "Review Note" populated for all marked rowssheet "Summary" cell B2 contains numeric totalsheet "RawData" still present after saveFor each non-pass criterion:
FAILDo one of:
Do not declare completion while a mandatory FAIL remains.
UNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCEState explicitly:
Use UNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCE only for true source limitations, not for editing mistakes.
Every post-write verification must include a checklist in this style:
CRITERION|<name>|PASS|<reason>CRITERION|<name>|FAIL|<reason>CRITERION|<name>|UNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCE|<reason>This format is intentionally rigid so you can reason from concrete output.
Do not edit if:
Do not finalize if:
FAILTrust direct proof from the deterministic script.
If a delegated agent claimed success but your direct verification shows missing sheets, wrong counts, missing categories, or missing output files, the task is not complete.
FAIL if safePASS or explicitly reconciled UNAVAILABLE-IN-SOURCEWhen reporting to the user, base your summary only on verified facts from the direct proof output.
Include:
Preferred phrasing:
...."...."N pass items, M fail items, and K unavailable-in-source items."Do not:
Spreadsheet tasks often fail not during editing but during final judgment. A workbook can be modified successfully and still be wrong.
This skill prevents false completion by forcing:
When workbook correctness matters, proof beats summary.
© HKUDS, MIT. Rendered from Markdown: HTML in the file is shown as text, images as links, and headings moved down two levels. Raw file
SKILL.md and 1 other file in benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged of HKUDS/OpenSpace.
Open the folder on GitHubat commit 3827781
Spreadsheet Proof Gate next to the 5 skills that share the most tags, products or categories with it. Stars are the repository's; “used in” counts other GitHub owners with a copy.
| Skill | Stars | Used in | Tokens | Auto-check | Licence | Repo updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spreadsheet Proof Gate this skillHKUDS/OpenSpace | 7.7k | — | ~4.5k | Automated safety check: Pass | MIT | |
| Excel Workbook EditorTokenRhythm/opensquilla | 7.1k | — | ~1.6k | Automated safety check: Pass | Apache-2.0 | |
| Kimi XLSXthvroyal/kimi-skills | 238 | — | ~9.5k | Automated safety check: Pass | None | |
| Office XLSXopen-octo/octo-agent | 125 | — | ~1.8k | Automated safety check: Notes | MIT | |
| Cc Streaming Export Safetydoccker/cc-use-exp | 1.1k | — | ~2.2k | Automated safety check: Pass | Custom licence | |
| XLSXnexus-research-lab/nexus | 150 | — | ~501 | Automated safety check: Pass | Apache-2.0 |
TokenRhythm/opensquilla
Inspects, edits in place or creates Microsoft Excel .xlsx workbooks with openpyxl, treating each cell as a typed number, string, datetime or formula value.
thvroyal/kimi-skills
Specialized utility for advanced manipulation, analysis, and creation of spreadsheet files, including (but not limited to) XLSX, XLSM, CSV formats.
open-octo/octo-agent
Create, read, and edit Excel (.xlsx) spreadsheets programmatically with openpyxl — cell values, formulas, styling (fonts/fills/borders/alignment/number formats), merged cells, multiple sheets…
doccker/cc-use-exp
当实现用户驱动的大文件导出或批量序列化(Excel/CSV/JSON/JSONL/PDF,数据量未知或超过 1 万行/10 MB)时触发;普通小文件下载、静态资源下载、非导出 Writer/Report 类不触发。防止 OOM、临时文件残留、同步导出阻塞 HTTP 线程和表格公式注入。
nexus-research-lab/nexus
只要电子表格文件(.xlsx、.xlsm、旧版 .xls、.csv、.tsv)是任务的主要输入或输出,或者需要 被打开、读取、创建、修改,就使用本 Skill。也适用于公式、格式、图表、数据清洗和表格格式转换。
singula-ai/alego
Read, create, and modify Excel workbooks (.xlsx), including data, formulas, formatting, and pandas analysis.
HKUDS/OpenSpace
Walks through producing a master audio track plus stems in Python, from checking a reference file and timing sections by BPM to effects, a zip archive and final verification.
HKUDS/OpenSpace
Handle cascading data retrieval tool failures by falling back to embedded knowledge generation
HKUDS/OpenSpace
Gives an agent a workaround when its code-execution sandbox keeps failing: save the Python script to a file and run it through the shell instead.
HKUDS/OpenSpace
A recovery routine for agents whose sandboxed code runner keeps failing: save the Python script to disk, then run it through the shell and read the output.
HKUDS/OpenSpace
Fallback ladder for failed sandboxed code runs, plus the habit of fixing the working directory first so generated files land in the right place.
HKUDS/OpenSpace
Fallback workflow for executing Python code when executecodesandbox fails repeatedly
Works with
Categories
Edit Excel workbooks only after anchored preflight audit, then require deterministic Python/openpyxl post-write proof that every requested criterion is satisfied or explicitly reconciled before…. Spreadsheet Proof Gate is an agent skill from HKUDS/OpenSpace. Edit Excel workbooks only after anchored preflight audit, then require deterministic Python/openpyxl post-write proof that every requested criterion is satisfied or explicitly reconciled before finalizing.
Spreadsheet Proof Gate fits situations like: tasks that involve Excel spreadsheets.
Run `npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a claude-code`. Or copy the skill folder (benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged in HKUDS/OpenSpace) into .claude/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate in your project. Claude Code loads it when a task matches its description.
Run `npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a codex`. Or copy the skill folder (benchmarks/gdpval/skills/spreadsheet-audit-edit-validate-merged in HKUDS/OpenSpace) into .agents/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate in your project. Codex loads it when a task matches its description.
Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot and OpenCode also load SKILL.md folders. With the skills CLI, run `npx skills add HKUDS/OpenSpace --skill spreadsheet-proof-gate -a cursor` (or -a gemini-cli, github-copilot or opencode for the others). To copy it by hand, put the folder in .cursor/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate, .gemini/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate, .github/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate and .opencode/skills/spreadsheet-proof-gate in your project.
SKILL.md names no scripts, command-line tools or credentials: Spreadsheet Proof Gate is instructions for the agent only. Our summary lists: Python 3.
SKILL.md contains no URLs. Any network use would come from the scripts or tools the agent runs. This is read from the text; nothing was executed.
Our automated static check of SKILL.md found no risky patterns, such as piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files or hidden Unicode. It is not a guarantee. Review the folder before installing.
Spreadsheet Proof Gate is published under the MIT licence (the repository's licence). It allows redistribution, so the full SKILL.md is shown on this page.
About 4.5k tokens (SKILL.md is roughly 18k characters). Agents keep only the skill's name and description in context until a task matches; then they load SKILL.md in full.
Skills that share tags, products or a category with Spreadsheet Proof Gate: Excel Workbook Editor (TokenRhythm/opensquilla, 7.1k stars), Kimi XLSX (thvroyal/kimi-skills, 238 stars), Office XLSX (open-octo/octo-agent, 125 stars) and Cc Streaming Export Safety (doccker/cc-use-exp, 1.1k stars). The comparison table on this page puts their stars, adoption, token cost, safety result and licence side by side.
HKUDS (a GitHub organization) maintains it in HKUDS/OpenSpace, which has 7,749 GitHub stars. The repository holds 199 skills in this directory. The repository was last updated on August 12, 2026.
Source: HKUDS/OpenSpace on GitHub. Facts on this page come from the repository at the commit we read; the author's words are quoted as theirs.