Chinese Indie Dev
1c7/chinese-independent-developer
处理 1c7/chinese-independent-developer 仓库的项目提交. An agent skill from 1c7/chinese-independent-developer.
Chinese and European political struggle history and comparative analysis
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a claude-codeProject install by default; add -g for ~/.claude/skills/.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guide --agent claude-codeProject scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .claude/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .claude/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.claude/skills/ instead of .claude/skills for a personal install. The folder must contain SKILL.md.
Claude Code skills documentation · loads skills from .claude/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .claude/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.Claude Code copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$skill-installer install https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guideType this inside Codex. $skill-installer <name> installs a curated skill from openai/skills. The installer writes to $CODEX_HOME/skills (default ~/.codex/skills). Restart Codex if the skill does not show up.
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a codexProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.codex/skills/.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guide --agent codexProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .agents/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .agents/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.agents/skills/ instead of .agents/skills for a personal install.
Codex skills documentation · loads skills from .agents/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .agents/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.Codex copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a cursorProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.cursor/skills/.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guide --agent cursorProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .cursor/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .cursor/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.cursor/skills/ instead of .cursor/skills for a personal install.
Cursor skills documentation · loads skills from .cursor/skills/, .agents/skills/, .claude/skills/, .codex/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .cursor/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.Cursor copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ gemini skills install https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git --path skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide--scope user (default) or --scope workspace; --path is the subfolder of the repo that holds the skill; --consent skips the security confirmation prompt.
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a gemini-cliProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.gemini/skills/.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guide --agent gemini-cliProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .gemini/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .gemini/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.gemini/skills/ instead of .gemini/skills for a personal install, then run /skills reload.
Gemini CLI skills documentation · loads skills from .gemini/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .gemini/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.Gemini CLI copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guideInstalls for Copilot at project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Preview a skill first with gh skill preview. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a github-copilotProject install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.copilot/skills/.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .github/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .github/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.copilot/skills/ instead of .github/skills for a personal install. Commit .github/skills so cloud agent and code review can use it.
GitHub Copilot skills documentation · loads skills from .github/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .github/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.GitHub Copilot copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
$ npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a opencodeOpenCode documents no install command of its own. Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.config/opencode/skills/.
$ gh skill install wentorai/research-plugins political-history-guide --agent opencodeProject scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.
$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins.git skills-src && mkdir -p .opencode/skills && cp -r skills-src/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide .opencode/skills/political-history-guide && rm -rf skills-srcUse ~/.config/opencode/skills/ instead of .opencode/skills for a personal install.
OpenCode skills documentation · loads skills from .opencode/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/
Install the "political-history-guide" agent skill from https://github.com/wentorai/research-plugins/tree/main/skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide into .opencode/skills/political-history-guide/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "political-history-guide", then confirm the skill loads.OpenCode copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.
political-history-guideChinese and European political struggle history and comparative analysis
Political History Guide is an agent skill from wentorai/research-plugins. Chinese and European political struggle history and comparative analysis
Its SKILL.md is about 2.8k tokens, which your agent loads only when the skill is triggered. It is a single SKILL.md file with no bundled scripts.
The repository describes itself as: 350+ academic research skills, MCP configs, and plugins for Research-Claw and AI agents. The licence is MIT.
Read from SKILL.md and the folder at commit bf44b3c. It shows what the files ask for, not the result of running them.
Pre-approves nothing: there is no allowed-tools line, so your agent's usual permission prompts apply.
From allowed-tools in the SKILL.md frontmatter.
No scripts in the folder and no shell commands in SKILL.md.
From the folder's file list and the shell code blocks in SKILL.md.
Links to these hosts (documentation or services it may open):
cambridge.orgFrom URLs in SKILL.md, links to its own repository left out.
Names no API keys, tokens, secrets or passwords.
From names ending in _API_KEY, _TOKEN, _SECRET, _KEY or _PASSWORD in SKILL.md.
Political History Guide loads about 2.8k tokens when it runs. Until then it costs about 24 tokens; SKILL.md has 606 words of instructions outside code blocks.
Estimates: characters ÷ 4, the usual rule of thumb; real counts depend on the model's tokenizer. Scripts and assets cost tokens only if the agent reads them.
The automated check found no risky patterns in SKILL.md.
Automated static check — not a guarantee. Review scripts before installing. It scans the text of SKILL.md for risky patterns (piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files, hidden Unicode, destructive commands); files beside SKILL.md are not scanned.
The full file from wentorai/research-plugins at commit bf44b3c, republished under its MIT licence (© wentorai). 606 words, ~2,758 tokens.
.claude/skills/political-history-guide/SKILL.md (or your agent's skills folder).Political history examines the struggle for power, the formation of states, the dynamics of revolution and reform, and the evolution of political ideas across time and space. This guide focuses on comparative political history, drawing on Chinese and European traditions to illuminate how different civilizations have organized political authority, managed conflict, and theorized the relationship between rulers and ruled.
Comparing Chinese and European political development is one of the most productive exercises in historical social science. Both civilizations produced sophisticated state systems, bureaucratic administrations, and political philosophies -- but through radically different paths. Understanding these divergences helps researchers avoid Eurocentric assumptions and develop more robust theories of political change.
This guide covers key periods and themes in both traditions, methods for comparative historical analysis, and the theoretical frameworks that scholars use to explain political transformation. It is designed for researchers working on political history, comparative politics, historical sociology, or area studies who need to engage with both traditions.
| Period | Key Development | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Warring States (475-221 BCE) | Competing state systems, Legalism | Earliest bureaucratic experiments |
| Qin Unification (221-206 BCE) | Centralized empire, standardization | Template for imperial governance |
| Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) | Confucian-Legalist synthesis, civil service | "Confucianization" of the state |
| Tang Dynasty (618-907) | Imperial examination system, cosmopolitan empire | Meritocratic bureaucracy matured |
| Song Dynasty (960-1279) | Neo-Confucianism, commercial revolution | Civilian-military tension, reform debates |
| Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) | Autocratic centralization, eunuch politics | Limits of centralization |
| Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) | Multi-ethnic empire, late reform crisis | Confrontation with modernity |
The Wang Anshi Reforms (1069-1076) -- Paradigmatic reform struggle:
REFORMERS (New Policies faction):
- Wang Anshi, chief architect
- Goal: Strengthen the state against Jurchen/Liao military threat
- Policies: State loans to farmers, militia system, merchant taxes,
reform of examination content
CONSERVATIVES (Old Policies faction):
- Sima Guang, Su Shi, Ouyang Xiu
- Goal: Preserve Confucian moral governance, limit state intervention
- Argument: State activism corrupts both officials and people
DYNAMICS:
1. Emperor Shenzong backs Wang Anshi (1069)
2. Conservatives purged from court
3. Policies implemented with mixed results
4. Emperor dies (1085), conservatives recalled
5. Reform faction returns (1094), purges conservatives
6. Cycle of factional purges weakens Northern Song
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK:
- Not simply "progressive vs. conservative"
- Two competing visions of state-society relations
- Both grounded in Confucian political philosophy
- Structural issue: factional competition without institutional checks| Period | Key Development | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Athenian democracy (5th c. BCE) | Direct democracy, citizen participation | Foundational political model |
| Roman Republic/Empire | Republican institutions, imperial autocracy | Mixed constitution theory |
| Feudalism (9th-15th c.) | Decentralized authority, vassal obligations | Fragmented sovereignty |
| Magna Carta (1215) | Limited royal authority | Constitutional principle |
| Protestant Reformation (16th c.) | Religious wars, cuius regio | Sovereignty and conscience |
| English Civil War (1642-1651) | Parliamentary sovereignty | Constitutionalism vs. absolutism |
| French Revolution (1789) | Popular sovereignty, rights of man | Democratic revolution template |
| 1848 Revolutions | Liberal nationalism, class conflict | Limits of liberal revolution |
| Welfare state (20th c.) | Social rights, managed capitalism | State-market-society bargain |
Phases of revolutionary escalation:
1. FISCAL CRISIS (1787-1789)
- State bankruptcy from war debts
- Estates-General convened (first since 1614)
- Third Estate declares National Assembly
2. LIBERAL REVOLUTION (1789-1791)
- Declaration of the Rights of Man
- Constitutional monarchy
- Abolition of feudal privileges
3. RADICALIZATION (1792-1794)
- War with Austria and Prussia
- Republic declared, king executed
- Committee of Public Safety, Terror
- Factional struggle: Girondins vs. Jacobins vs. sans-culottes
4. THERMIDORIAN REACTION (1794-1799)
- Fall of Robespierre
- Conservative republic (Directory)
- Military coup by Napoleon (1799)
ANALYTICAL TAKEAWAYS:
- Revolutions rarely achieve their initial goals
- Radicalization driven by external war + internal factional competition
- "Revolutionary devouring its children" pattern
- Fiscal crisis as trigger, but ideology shapes trajectoryWhy did China centralize early while Europe remained fragmented?
CHINESE CENTRALIZATION:
- Geographic: North China Plain enabled large-scale agriculture and armies
- Ideological: Mandate of Heaven legitimized universal rule
- Administrative: Examination system created loyalist bureaucracy
- Economic: State monopolies (salt, iron) funded centralization
EUROPEAN FRAGMENTATION:
- Geographic: Mountains, seas, rivers created defensible boundaries
- Ideological: Church vs. state dual authority
- Administrative: Feudal loyalties vs. centralized bureaucracy
- Economic: Commercial city-states resisted centralization
COMPARATIVE INSIGHT:
Neither path is "superior" -- each produced distinctive political capacities:
- China: Administrative efficiency, cultural unity, but brittle to dynastic collapse
- Europe: Innovation through competition, but chronic warfare and instability| Method | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Mill's Method of Difference | Same outcome, different conditions | Why revolution in France but not England? |
| Mill's Method of Agreement | Different contexts, same outcome | Revolutions in France, Russia, China |
| Process tracing | Causal mechanisms within a case | How fiscal crisis led to revolution |
| Path dependence | Early choices constrain later options | Examination system locks in bureaucratic model |
| Critical junctures | Moments of structural contingency | 1911: Qing collapse opens multiple paths |
| Counterfactual analysis | "What if" reasoning | What if Wang Anshi reforms had succeeded? |
Concepts that translate across traditions (with caution):
LEGITIMACY
- Chinese: Mandate of Heaven (tianming 天命) -- cosmic-moral authority
- European: Social contract -- consent of the governed
- Both: Performance-based (good governance sustains legitimacy)
- Divergence: Hereditary vs. meritocratic principles
BUREAUCRACY
- Chinese: Scholar-officials selected by examination
- European: Patrimonial officeholders → Weberian rational bureaucracy
- Both: Tension between expertise and political loyalty
- Key difference: China 1000+ years earlier
POLITICAL OPPOSITION
- Chinese: Remonstrance (jian 谏) -- loyal criticism within the system
- European: Institutionalized opposition (parliament, parties)
- Both: Risk of punishment for dissent
- Key difference: Legitimate organized opposition vs. individual moral courage
REVOLUTION
- Chinese: Dynastic cycle (geming 革命 = change of mandate)
- European: Progressive transformation (revolution as social rupture)
- Both: Violence as mechanism of political change
- Key difference: Cyclical vs. linear models of changeChinese political history sources:
- Veritable Records (shilu 实录): Official court records
- Standard Histories (zhengshi 正史): 24 dynastic histories
- Memorials (zouzhe 奏折): Official communications to the emperor
- Local gazetteers (difangzhi 地方志): Provincial/county records
- Private collections (wenji 文集): Literati writings and correspondence
European political history sources:
- Parliamentary records (Hansard, Archives parlementaires)
- Diplomatic correspondence (state papers, foreign office files)
- Police and intelligence reports
- Pamphlets and political press
- Personal papers of political actors
- Constitutional and legal documentsStructure for a comparative article:
1. INTRODUCTION: Present the comparison and why it matters
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: State your analytical categories
3. CASE 1: Detailed analysis (e.g., Chinese reform)
4. CASE 2: Detailed analysis (e.g., European reform)
5. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: Systematic comparison
- Similarities explained
- Differences explained
- Theoretical implications
6. CONCLUSION: What does the comparison teach us?
Common pitfalls:
- Treating one case as the "norm" and the other as "deviant"
- Superficial comparison (listing similarities without analysis)
- Ignoring the internal diversity within each case
- Anachronism: applying modern concepts to pre-modern societies© wentorai, MIT. Rendered from Markdown: HTML in the file is shown as text, images as links, and headings moved down two levels. Raw file
Just SKILL.md in skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide of wentorai/research-plugins.
Open the folder on GitHubat commit bf44b3c
We found 1 copy of this SKILL.md (exact, near-identical or edited) in other folders, from 1 other GitHub owner. This page covers the copy in wentorai/research-plugins, which our catalogue first saw on October 7, 2026.
Political History Guide next to the 5 skills that share the most tags, products or categories with it. Stars are the repository's; “used in” counts other GitHub owners with a copy.
| Skill | Stars | Used in | Tokens | Auto-check | Licence | Repo updated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political History Guide this skillwentorai/research-plugins | 298 | 1 repos | ~2.8k | Automated safety check: Pass | MIT | |
| Chinese Indie Dev1c7/chinese-independent-developer | 62k | — | ~8.7k | Automated safety check: Pass | None | |
| Humanize Chinesesickn33/agentic-awesome-skills | 47k | 2 repos | ~1.3k | Automated safety check: Pass | MIT | |
| Historyalsk1992/CloddsBot | 3k | — | ~1.6k | Automated safety check: Pass | MIT | |
| Geo Comparesickn33/agentic-awesome-skills | 47k | 1 repos | ~2.7k | Automated safety check: Notes | MIT | |
| Chinese Ppt2brycewang-stanford/Auto-Empirical-Research-Skills | 4.6k | — | ~5.6k | Automated safety check: Pass | Custom licence |
1c7/chinese-independent-developer
处理 1c7/chinese-independent-developer 仓库的项目提交. An agent skill from 1c7/chinese-independent-developer.
sickn33/agentic-awesome-skills
Detect and rewrite AI-like Chinese text with a practical workflow for scoring, humanization, academic AIGC reduction, and style conversion.
alsk1992/CloddsBot
Trade history tracking, sync, and performance analytics. An agent skill from alsk1992/CloddsBot.
sickn33/agentic-awesome-skills
Monthly delta tracking and progress reporting for GEO clients.
brycewang-stanford/Auto-Empirical-Research-Skills
Upgrade of chinese-ppt for Chinese Beamer decks (xelatex + ctex + fandol, CUFE template).
JetBrains/intellij-community
Compare Python type inference with ty, pyrefly, and basedpyright.
wentorai/research-plugins
Craft structured research abstracts that maximize clarity and journal acceptance
wentorai/research-plugins
Manage academic citations across BibTeX, APA, MLA, and Chicago formats
wentorai/research-plugins
Summarize academic papers with structured extraction of key elements
wentorai/research-plugins
Evidence-based study techniques for academic learning and retention
wentorai/research-plugins
Adjust writing tone and register for academic audiences and venues
wentorai/research-plugins
Academic translation, post-editing, and Chinglish correction guide
Chinese and European political struggle history and comparative analysis. Political History Guide is an agent skill from wentorai/research-plugins.
Run `npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a claude-code`. Or copy the skill folder (skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide in wentorai/research-plugins) into .claude/skills/political-history-guide in your project. Claude Code loads it when a task matches its description.
Run `npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a codex`. Or copy the skill folder (skills/domains/humanities/political-history-guide in wentorai/research-plugins) into .agents/skills/political-history-guide in your project. Codex loads it when a task matches its description.
Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot and OpenCode also load SKILL.md folders. With the skills CLI, run `npx skills add wentorai/research-plugins --skill political-history-guide -a cursor` (or -a gemini-cli, github-copilot or opencode for the others). To copy it by hand, put the folder in .cursor/skills/political-history-guide, .gemini/skills/political-history-guide, .github/skills/political-history-guide and .opencode/skills/political-history-guide in your project.
SKILL.md names no scripts, command-line tools or credentials: Political History Guide is instructions for the agent only.
SKILL.md names 1 domain. As links in the text: cambridge.org. This is read from the text; nothing was executed.
Our automated static check of SKILL.md found no risky patterns, such as piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files or hidden Unicode. It is not a guarantee. Review the folder before installing.
Political History Guide is published under the MIT licence (the repository's licence). It allows redistribution, so the full SKILL.md is shown on this page.
About 2.8k tokens (SKILL.md is roughly 11k characters). Agents keep only the skill's name and description in context until a task matches; then they load SKILL.md in full.
Skills that share tags, products or a category with Political History Guide: Chinese Indie Dev (1c7/chinese-independent-developer, 62k stars), Humanize Chinese (sickn33/agentic-awesome-skills, 47k stars), History (alsk1992/CloddsBot, 3k stars) and Geo Compare (sickn33/agentic-awesome-skills, 47k stars). The comparison table on this page puts their stars, adoption, token cost, safety result and licence side by side.
wentorai (a GitHub user) maintains it in wentorai/research-plugins, which has 298 GitHub stars. The repository holds 405 skills in this directory. The repository was last updated on June 19, 2026.
Source: wentorai/research-plugins on GitHub. Facts on this page come from the repository at the commit we read; the author's words are quoted as theirs.