Frontend API Integration Patterns

export class ApiError extends Error {
  constructor(message, status, payload = null) {
    super(message);
    this.name = "ApiError";
    this.status = status;
    this.payload = payload;
  }
}

export const apiClient = async (url, options = {}) => {
  const res = await fetch(url, {
    headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
    ...options,
  });

  if (!res.ok) {
    let payload = null;
    try {
      payload = await res.json();
    } catch (_) {}

    throw new ApiError(
      payload?.message || "Request failed",
      res.status,
      payload
    );
  }

  // handle empty responses safely (e.g. 204 No Content)
  if (res.status === 204) return null;

  const text = await res.text();
  return text ? JSON.parse(text) : null;
};

useEffect(() => {
  let cancelled = false;

  const load = async () => {
    try {
      setLoading(true);
      setError(null);

      const result = await getUser();

      if (!cancelled) setData(result);
    } catch (err) {
      if (!cancelled) setError(err.message);
    } finally {
      if (!cancelled) setLoading(false);
    }
  };

  load();

  return () => {
    cancelled = true;
  };
}, []);

useEffect(() => {
  const controller = new AbortController();

  const load = async () => {
    try {
      const data = await getUser({ signal: controller.signal });
      setData(data);
    } catch (err) {
      if (err.name === "AbortError") return;
      setError(err.message);
    }
  };

  load();
  return () => controller.abort();
}, [userId]);

const sleep = (ms) => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, ms));

const fetchWithBackoff = async (fn, retries = 3, delay = 300) => {
  try {
    return await fn();
  } catch (err) {
    const isAbort = err.name === "AbortError";
    const isHttpError = typeof err.status === "number";
    const isRetryable = !isAbort && (!isHttpError || err.status >= 500);

    if (retries <= 0 || !isRetryable) throw err;

    const nextDelay = delay * 2 + Math.random() * 100;
    await sleep(nextDelay);

    return fetchWithBackoff(fn, retries - 1, nextDelay);
  }
};

const useDebounce = (value, delay = 400) => {
  const [debounced, setDebounced] = useState(value);

  useEffect(() => {
    const t = setTimeout(() => setDebounced(value), delay);
    return () => clearTimeout(t);
  }, [value, delay]);

  return debounced;
};

const inFlight = new Map();

export const dedupedFetch = (key, fn) => {
  if (inFlight.has(key)) return inFlight.get(key);

  const promise = fn().finally(() => inFlight.delete(key));
  inFlight.set(key, promise);
  return promise;
};

const controllerRef = useRef(null);

const handlePredict = async (input) => {
  controllerRef.current?.abort();
  controllerRef.current = new AbortController();

  try {
    const result = await fetchWithBackoff(() =>
      apiClient("/predict", {
        method: "POST",
        body: JSON.stringify({ text: input }),
        signal: controllerRef.current.signal,
      })
    );

    setOutput(result);
  } catch (err) {
    if (err.name === "AbortError") return;
    setError(err.message);
  }
};

const debouncedQuery = useDebounce(query, 400);

useEffect(() => {
  if (!debouncedQuery) return;

  const controller = new AbortController();

  searchAPI(debouncedQuery, { signal: controller.signal })
    .then(setResults)
    .catch((err) => {
      if (err.name !== "AbortError") {
        setError("Search failed. Please try again.");
      }
    });

  return () => controller.abort();
}, [debouncedQuery]);

const deleteItem = async (id) => {
  const previous = items;

  setItems((curr) => curr.filter((item) => item.id !== id));

  try {
    await apiClient(`/items/${id}`, { method: "DELETE" });
  } catch (err) {
    setItems(previous);
    setError("Delete failed. Please try again.");
  }
};