Rust

use thiserror::Error;

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum ConfigError {
    #[error("Failed to read config: {0}")]
    Io(#[from] std::io::Error),

    #[error("Failed to parse config: {0}")]
    Parse(#[from] toml::de::Error),

    #[error("Invalid configuration: {message}")]
    Invalid { message: String },
}

// BAD
let value = map.get("key").unwrap();

// GOOD
let value = map.get("key").ok_or_else(|| Error::MissingKey("key"))?;

// GOOD (when None is truly impossible)
let value = map.get("key").expect("key always present after init");

// BAD - unnecessary clone
fn process(data: String) { ... }
process(my_string.clone());

// GOOD - borrow when possible
fn process(data: &str) { ... }
process(&my_string);

use std::borrow::Cow;

fn process(data: Cow<'_, str>) -> Cow<'_, str> {
    if data.contains("bad") {
        Cow::Owned(data.replace("bad", "good"))
    } else {
        data  // No allocation if unchanged
    }
}

// GOOD - clear ownership
impl User {
    pub fn new(name: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        Self { name: name.into() }
    }
}

#[derive(Default)]
pub struct ServerBuilder {
    host: Option<String>,
    port: Option<u16>,
    timeout: Option<Duration>,
}

impl ServerBuilder {
    pub fn host(mut self, host: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
        self.host = Some(host.into());
        self
    }

    pub fn port(mut self, port: u16) -> Self {
        self.port = Some(port);
        self
    }

    pub fn build(self) -> Result<Server, ConfigError> {
        Ok(Server {
            host: self.host.unwrap_or_else(|| "localhost".into()),
            port: self.port.ok_or(ConfigError::MissingPort)?,
            timeout: self.timeout.unwrap_or(Duration::from_secs(30)),
        })
    }
}

// BAD - easy to mix up
fn transfer(from: i64, to: i64, amount: i64) { ... }

// GOOD - compile-time safety
pub struct AccountId(i64);
pub struct Amount(i64);

fn transfer(from: AccountId, to: AccountId, amount: Amount) { ... }

#[must_use]
pub fn validate(&self) -> Result<(), ValidationError> {
    // ...
}

// BAD
let mut results = Vec::new();
for item in items {
    if item.is_valid() {
        results.push(item.transform());
    }
}

// GOOD
let results: Vec<_> = items
    .into_iter()
    .filter(|item| item.is_valid())
    .map(|item| item.transform())
    .collect();

// Collect into Vec
let vec: Vec<_> = iter.collect();

// Collect into HashMap
let map: HashMap<_, _> = iter.collect();

// Collect Results
let results: Result<Vec<_>, _> = iter.collect();

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() -> Result<()> {
    let result = fetch_data().await?;
    Ok(())
}

// BAD - blocks the runtime
async fn bad() {
    std::thread::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1));
}

// GOOD - async sleep
async fn good() {
    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
}

// GOOD - spawn blocking for CPU-intensive work
async fn compute() -> i32 {
    tokio::task::spawn_blocking(|| expensive_computation()).await.unwrap()
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_basic() {
        assert_eq!(add(1, 2), 3);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_edge_case() {
        assert!(validate("").is_err());
    }
}

// tests/integration_test.rs
use my_crate::public_api;

#[test]
fn test_full_workflow() {
    let result = public_api::process("input");
    assert!(result.is_ok());
}

assert!(condition);
assert_eq!(left, right);
assert_ne!(left, right);
assert!(result.is_ok());
assert!(result.is_err());
assert_matches!(value, Pattern::Variant { .. });

// BAD - allocates even if not needed
fn maybe_string() -> String {
    String::from("default")
}

// GOOD - return static str when possible
fn maybe_string() -> &'static str {
    "default"
}

// BAD - multiple reallocations
let mut vec = Vec::new();
for i in 0..1000 {
    vec.push(i);
}

// GOOD - single allocation
let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(1000);
for i in 0..1000 {
    vec.push(i);
}

/// BAD
let v = tokio::net::TcpStream::connect("localhost:8080");

/// GOOD
use tokio::net::TcpStream;
let v = TcpStream::connect("localhost:8080");

cargo build --release
cargo flamegraph  # requires cargo-flamegraph

// src/lib.rs
pub mod config;
pub mod client;
pub mod error;

// Re-export public API
pub use config::Config;
pub use client::Client;
pub use error::Error;

// Public to crate, not external users
pub(crate) fn internal_helper() { ... }

/// Creates a new client with the given configuration.
///
/// # Arguments
///
/// * `config` - The client configuration
///
/// # Errors
///
/// Returns an error if the configuration is invalid.
///
/// # Examples
///
/// ```
/// let client = Client::new(Config::default())?;
/// ```
pub fn new(config: Config) -> Result<Self> {
    // ...
}

# Quality gates
cargo fmt -- --check && cargo clippy -- -D warnings && cargo test

# Common cargo commands
cargo check           # Fast syntax/type check
cargo build           # Debug build
cargo build --release # Release build
cargo nextest run     # Run tests
cargo doc --open      # Generate and view docs
cargo clippy --fix    # Auto-fix lint issues