Agent skill

Sparse Merkle Trees

Help users build sparse Merkle trees with Poseidon or SHA-256 hashing for ZK circuits, privacy pools, and state commitments using Nethereum.Merkle (.NET).

MITAuto-check passedBackend & APIs

Install Sparse Merkle Trees

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a claude-code

Project install by default; add -g for ~/.claude/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees --agent claude-code

Project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .claude/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .claude/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.claude/skills/ instead of .claude/skills for a personal install. The folder must contain SKILL.md.

Claude Code skills documentation · loads skills from .claude/skills/

Paste into Claude Code

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .claude/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

Claude Code copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

$skill-installer

$skill-installer install https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees

Type this inside Codex. $skill-installer <name> installs a curated skill from openai/skills. The installer writes to $CODEX_HOME/skills (default ~/.codex/skills). Restart Codex if the skill does not show up.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a codex

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.codex/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees --agent codex

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .agents/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .agents/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.agents/skills/ instead of .agents/skills for a personal install.

Codex skills documentation · loads skills from .agents/skills/

Paste into Codex

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .agents/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

Codex copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a cursor

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.cursor/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees --agent cursor

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .cursor/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .cursor/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.cursor/skills/ instead of .cursor/skills for a personal install.

Cursor skills documentation · loads skills from .cursor/skills/, .agents/skills/, .claude/skills/, .codex/skills/

Paste into Cursor

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .cursor/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

Cursor copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

gemini skills install

$ gemini skills install https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git --path plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees

--scope user (default) or --scope workspace; --path is the subfolder of the repo that holds the skill; --consent skips the security confirmation prompt.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a gemini-cli

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.gemini/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees --agent gemini-cli

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .gemini/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .gemini/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.gemini/skills/ instead of .gemini/skills for a personal install, then run /skills reload.

Gemini CLI skills documentation · loads skills from .gemini/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into Gemini CLI

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .gemini/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

Gemini CLI copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees

Installs for Copilot at project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Preview a skill first with gh skill preview. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a github-copilot

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.copilot/skills/.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .github/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .github/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.copilot/skills/ instead of .github/skills for a personal install. Commit .github/skills so cloud agent and code review can use it.

GitHub Copilot skills documentation · loads skills from .github/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into GitHub Copilot

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .github/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

GitHub Copilot copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a opencode

OpenCode documents no install command of its own. Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.config/opencode/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install Nethereum/Nethereum sparse-merkle-trees --agent opencode

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum.git skills-src && mkdir -p .opencode/skills && cp -r skills-src/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees .opencode/skills/sparse-merkle-trees && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.config/opencode/skills/ instead of .opencode/skills for a personal install.

OpenCode skills documentation · loads skills from .opencode/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into OpenCode

Install the "sparse-merkle-trees" agent skill from https://github.com/Nethereum/Nethereum/tree/master/plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees into .opencode/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "sparse-merkle-trees", then confirm the skill loads.

OpenCode copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

Facts

Skill name: sparse-merkle-trees
GitHub stars: 2.3k
Token cost: ~1.2k tokens
SKILL.md length: 284 words
Files: 1
Skills in repo: 71
Repo updated: Oct 5, 2026
First seen: Oct 7, 2026
Licence: MIT

At a glance

Help users build sparse Merkle trees with Poseidon or SHA-256 hashing for ZK circuits, privacy pools, and state commitments using Nethereum.Merkle (.NET).

The user mentions sparse Merkle trees
SKILL.md covers When to Use This, Required Packages, Core Concept and Poseidon SMT for ZK Circuits, plus 6 more sections
Calls dotnet
Poseidon hashing

What it does

Sparse Merkle Trees is an agent skill from Nethereum/Nethereum. Help users build sparse Merkle trees with Poseidon or SHA-256 hashing for ZK circuits, privacy pools, and state commitments using Nethereum.Merkle (.NET). Use this skill whenever the user mentions sparse Merkle trees, SMT, Poseidon hashing, Celestia SMT, ZK-compatible state trees, nullifier sets, membership proofs, or PoseidonSmtHasher in a C/.NET context.

Its SKILL.md is about 1.2k tokens, which your agent loads only when the skill is triggered. It is a single SKILL.md file with no bundled scripts.

It sits in Backend & APIs. It works with .NET and C#. The repository describes itself as: Ethereum .Net cross platform integration library. The licence is MIT.

When your agent uses it

The user mentions sparse Merkle trees
Poseidon hashing
ZK-compatible state trees
Membership proofs

Example prompts

“/sparse-merkle-trees”

What it can do on your machine

Read from SKILL.md and the folder at commit 229f278. It shows what the files ask for, not the result of running them.

Tool permissions
Pre-approves nothing: there is no allowed-tools line, so your agent's usual permission prompts apply.
From allowed-tools in the SKILL.md frontmatter.
Runs code
Shell commands in SKILL.md call:
- dotnet
From the folder's file list and the shell code blocks in SKILL.md.
Network
Links to these hosts (documentation or services it may open):
- docs.nethereum.com
From URLs in SKILL.md, links to its own repository left out.
Credentials
Names no API keys, tokens, secrets or passwords.
From names ending in _API_KEY, _TOKEN, _SECRET, _KEY or _PASSWORD in SKILL.md.

Context cost

Sparse Merkle Trees loads about 1.2k tokens when it runs. Until then it costs about 95 tokens; SKILL.md has 284 words of instructions outside code blocks.

Always · name and description, kept in context so the agent knows when to use it: ~95
When it runs · the whole SKILL.md, loaded when a task matches: ~1.2k

Estimates: characters ÷ 4, the usual rule of thumb; real counts depend on the model's tokenizer. Scripts and assets cost tokens only if the agent reads them.

Safety

Auto-check passed

The automated check found no risky patterns in SKILL.md.

Automated static check — not a guarantee. Review scripts before installing. It scans the text of SKILL.md for risky patterns (piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files, hidden Unicode, destructive commands); files beside SKILL.md are not scanned.

SKILL.md

The full file from Nethereum/Nethereum at commit 229f278, republished under its MIT licence (© Nethereum). 284 words, ~1,216 tokens.

Download SKILL.mdSave it as .claude/skills/sparse-merkle-trees/SKILL.md (or your agent's skills folder).

name: sparse-merkle-trees
description: Help users build sparse Merkle trees with Poseidon or SHA-256 hashing for ZK circuits, privacy pools, and state commitments using Nethereum.Merkle (.NET). Use this skill whenever the user mentions sparse Merkle trees, SMT, Poseidon hashing, Celestia SMT, ZK-compatible state trees, nullifier sets, membership proofs, or PoseidonSmtHasher in a C#/.NET context.
user-invocable: true

Sparse Merkle Trees — Nethereum.Merkle

When to Use This

Use this skill when a user wants to:

Build a sparse Merkle tree for ZK circuit inputs (Circom, Halo2, Noir)
Use Poseidon hashing for circuit-friendly Merkle trees
Build Celestia-compatible sparse Merkle trees
Create membership or non-membership proofs for privacy pools or anonymous voting
Persist large Merkle trees with lazy node loading

Required Packages

bash

dotnet add package Nethereum.Merkle
dotnet add package Nethereum.Util

Core Concept

SparseMerkleBinaryTree<T> is a binary sparse Merkle tree where:

Keys are converted to bit paths for tree traversal
Leaves store value hashes at the key's path
Empty subtrees have a fixed hash (no storage needed)
Root hash is deterministic regardless of insertion order

The ISmtHasher interface controls hashing. Three built-in strategies:

Hasher	Hash Function	Use Case
`PoseidonSmtHasher`	Poseidon (CircomT3 leaf, CircomT2 node)	ZK circuits
`CelestiaSmtHasher`	SHA-256 with domain prefixes	Celestia compatibility
`DefaultSmtHasher`	Any `IHashProvider`	Generic use

Poseidon SMT for ZK Circuits

The most common use case — a Poseidon-based tree whose root can be used directly as a public input in Circom proofs:

csharp

using Nethereum.Merkle.Sparse;
using Nethereum.Util.ByteArrayConvertors;

var smt = new SparseMerkleBinaryTree<byte[]>(
    new PoseidonSmtHasher(),
    new ByteArrayToByteArrayConvertor(),
    new IdentitySmtKeyHasher(256));

smt.Put(key1, value1);
smt.Put(key2, value2);
var root = smt.ComputeRoot();  // Circom-compatible root hash

var value = smt.Get(key1);
smt.Delete(key1);

Poseidon hash details:

Leaf: Poseidon(key, value, 1) using CircomT3 (3 inputs)
Node: Poseidon(left, right) using CircomT2 (2 inputs)

Celestia-Compatible SMT

csharp

var smt = new SparseMerkleBinaryTree<byte[]>(
    new CelestiaSmtHasher(),
    new ByteArrayToByteArrayConvertor());

smt.Put(key, value);
var root = smt.ComputeRoot();

Hash formulas:

Leaf: SHA256(0x00 || path || SHA256(value))
Node: SHA256(0x01 || leftHash || rightHash)

Persistent Storage (Async API)

For trees that survive process restarts:

csharp

var storage = new InMemorySmtNodeStorage();
var smt = new SparseMerkleBinaryTree<byte[]>(
    new PoseidonSmtHasher(),
    new ByteArrayToByteArrayConvertor(),
    new IdentitySmtKeyHasher(256),
    storage: storage);

await smt.PutAsync(key1, value1);
await smt.PutAsync(key2, value2);
var root = await smt.ComputeRootAsync();
await smt.FlushAsync();  // Persist all nodes

// Later — reload from storage
var smt2 = new SparseMerkleBinaryTree<byte[]>(
    new PoseidonSmtHasher(),
    new ByteArrayToByteArrayConvertor(),
    new IdentitySmtKeyHasher(256),
    storage: storage);
await smt2.LoadRootAsync(root);  // Lazy-loads nodes on demand

Batch Operations

csharp

var entries = new Dictionary<byte[], byte[]>
{
    { key1, value1 },
    { key2, value2 },
    { key3, value3 }
};

smt.PutBatch(entries);           // Sync
await smt.PutBatchAsync(entries); // Async

Console.WriteLine($"Leaves: {smt.LeafCount}");

Key Path Strategies

Implementation	Description
`IdentitySmtKeyHasher(n)`	Key bits used directly as path, n-bit depth
`Sha256SmtKeyHasher`	`SHA256(key)` → 256-bit path

Node Serialization (SmtNodeCodec)

For custom storage backends:

csharp

byte[] encoded = SmtNodeCodec.EncodeLeaf(path, valueBytes);
SmtNodeCodec.DecodeLeaf(encoded, out var path, out var value);

byte[] branch = SmtNodeCodec.EncodeBranch(leftHash, rightHash);
SmtNodeCodec.DecodeBranch(branch, 32, out var left, out var right);

bool isLeaf = SmtNodeCodec.IsLeaf(data);
bool isBranch = SmtNodeCodec.IsBranch(data);

Common Gotchas

The tree root is deterministic — insertion order doesn't matter
PoseidonSmtHasher uses LSB-first bit ordering, CelestiaSmtHasher uses MSB-first
InMemorySmtNodeStorage is thread-safe (ConcurrentDictionary) but for production use, implement ISmtNodeStorage with a database backend
IdentitySmtKeyHasher requires keys to be the exact bit length specified — use Sha256SmtKeyHasher for variable-length keys

For full documentation, see: https://docs.nethereum.com/docs/consensus-and-cryptography/guide-sparse-merkle-zk

Files

Just SKILL.md in plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees of Nethereum/Nethereum.

Open the folder on GitHubat commit 229f278

Compare with similar skills

Sparse Merkle Trees next to the 5 skills that share the most tags, products or categories with it. Stars are the repository's; “used in” counts other GitHub owners with a copy.

Sparse Merkle Trees compared with similar skills
Skill	Stars	Used in	Tokens	Auto-check	Licence	Repo updated
Sparse Merkle Trees this skillNethereum/Nethereum	2.3k	—	~1.2k	Automated safety check: Pass	MIT	5 days ago
Tsp Csharpquerylenshq/ef-querylens	225	—	~1.3k	Automated safety check: Pass	MIT	1 mo ago
XML DocumentationVonage/vonage-dotnet-sdk	118	—	~2.7k	Automated safety check: Pass	Apache-2.0	4 mo ago
Dotnet 10 Csharp 14sketch7/FluentlyHttpClient	121	—	~2.2k	Automated safety check: Pass	MIT	22 days ago
DisCatSharp Discord DevelopmentAiko-IT-Systems/DisCatSharp	140	—	~1.2k	Automated safety check: Pass	MIT	today
Foundationdb Advanced LayersSnowBankSDK/foundationdb-dotnet-client	158	—	~3.4k	Automated safety check: Pass	BSD-3-Clause	today

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Works with

Questions about Sparse Merkle Trees

What does Sparse Merkle Trees do?

Help users build sparse Merkle trees with Poseidon or SHA-256 hashing for ZK circuits, privacy pools, and state commitments using Nethereum.Merkle (.NET). Sparse Merkle Trees is an agent skill from Nethereum/Nethereum.NET).

When should I use Sparse Merkle Trees?

Sparse Merkle Trees fits situations like: the user mentions sparse Merkle trees; poseidon hashing; ZK-compatible state trees; membership proofs.

How do I install Sparse Merkle Trees in Claude Code?

Run `npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a claude-code`. Or copy the skill folder (plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees in Nethereum/Nethereum) into .claude/skills/sparse-merkle-trees in your project. Claude Code loads it when a task matches its description.

How do I install Sparse Merkle Trees in Codex?

Run `npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a codex`. Or copy the skill folder (plugins/nethereum-skills/skills/sparse-merkle-trees in Nethereum/Nethereum) into .agents/skills/sparse-merkle-trees in your project. Codex loads it when a task matches its description.

Can I use Sparse Merkle Trees in Cursor, Gemini CLI or GitHub Copilot?

Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot and OpenCode also load SKILL.md folders. With the skills CLI, run `npx skills add Nethereum/Nethereum --skill sparse-merkle-trees -a cursor` (or -a gemini-cli, github-copilot or opencode for the others). To copy it by hand, put the folder in .cursor/skills/sparse-merkle-trees, .gemini/skills/sparse-merkle-trees, .github/skills/sparse-merkle-trees and .opencode/skills/sparse-merkle-trees in your project.

What does Sparse Merkle Trees need to run?

Going by SKILL.md and its folder, Sparse Merkle Trees needs the command-line tools its instructions call (dotnet).

Does Sparse Merkle Trees access the network?

SKILL.md names 1 domain. As links in the text: docs.nethereum.com. This is read from the text; nothing was executed.

Is Sparse Merkle Trees safe to install?

Our automated static check of SKILL.md found no risky patterns, such as piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files or hidden Unicode. It is not a guarantee. Review the folder before installing.

What licence does Sparse Merkle Trees use?

Sparse Merkle Trees is published under the MIT licence (the repository's licence). It allows redistribution, so the full SKILL.md is shown on this page.

How many tokens does Sparse Merkle Trees use?

About 1.2k tokens (SKILL.md is roughly 4.9k characters). Agents keep only the skill's name and description in context until a task matches; then they load SKILL.md in full.

What are the alternatives to Sparse Merkle Trees?

Skills that share tags, products or a category with Sparse Merkle Trees: Tsp Csharp (querylenshq/ef-querylens, 225 stars), XML Documentation (Vonage/vonage-dotnet-sdk, 118 stars), Dotnet 10 Csharp 14 (sketch7/FluentlyHttpClient, 121 stars) and DisCatSharp Discord Development (Aiko-IT-Systems/DisCatSharp, 140 stars). The comparison table on this page puts their stars, adoption, token cost, safety result and licence side by side.

Who maintains Sparse Merkle Trees?

Nethereum (a GitHub organization) maintains it in Nethereum/Nethereum, which has 2,260 GitHub stars. The repository holds 71 skills in this directory. The repository was last updated on October 5, 2026.

Source: Nethereum/Nethereum on GitHub. Facts on this page come from the repository at the commit we read; the author's words are quoted as theirs.

Install Sparse Merkle Trees

Facts

At a glance

What it does

When your agent uses it

Example prompts

What it can do on your machine

Tool permissions

Runs code

Network

Credentials

Context cost

Safety

SKILL.md

Sparse Merkle Trees — Nethereum.Merkle

When to Use This

Required Packages

Core Concept

Poseidon SMT for ZK Circuits

Celestia-Compatible SMT

Persistent Storage (Async API)

Batch Operations

Key Path Strategies

Node Serialization (SmtNodeCodec)

Common Gotchas

Files

Compare with similar skills

Similar skills

More from Nethereum/Nethereum

Related

Questions about Sparse Merkle Trees