Implementing Rbac Hardening For Kubernetes

# List all cluster-admin bindings
kubectl get clusterrolebindings -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] |
  select(.roleRef.name == "cluster-admin") |
  "\(.metadata.name) -> \(.subjects[]? | "\(.kind)/\(.name) (\(.namespace // "cluster"))")"
'

# Good: Namespace-scoped role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  namespace: application
  name: app-developer
rules:
  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
    resources: ["deployments"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["pods", "pods/log"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["configmaps"]
    verbs: ["get", "list"]
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  namespace: application
  name: app-developer-binding
subjects:
  - kind: Group
    name: dev-team
    apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
roleRef:
  kind: Role
  name: app-developer
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: payment-processor
  namespace: payments
automountServiceAccountToken: false  # Disable auto-mount
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: payment-processor
  namespace: payments
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: payment-processor
      automountServiceAccountToken: true  # Only mount when explicitly needed
      containers:
        - name: processor
          image: payments/processor:v2.1@sha256:abc...

# Dangerous verbs/resources to restrict:
# - secrets: get, list, watch (exposes all secrets in namespace)
# - pods/exec: create (enables command execution in pods)
# - pods: create with privileged securityContext
# - serviceaccounts/token: create (generates new tokens)
# - clusterroles/clusterrolebindings: create, update (self-escalation)
# - nodes/proxy: create (bypasses API server authorization)

# Safe read-only role example
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: security-viewer
rules:
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["pods", "services", "namespaces", "nodes"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiGroups: ["apps"]
    resources: ["deployments", "daemonsets", "statefulsets"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
  - apiGroups: ["networking.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["networkpolicies"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

# API server flags for OIDC integration
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kube-apiserver
spec:
  containers:
    - name: kube-apiserver
      command:
        - kube-apiserver
        - --oidc-issuer-url=https://idp.company.com
        - --oidc-client-id=kubernetes
        - --oidc-username-claim=email
        - --oidc-groups-claim=groups
        - --oidc-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/oidc-ca.crt

# All ClusterRoleBindings with subjects
kubectl get clusterrolebindings -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] | select(.subjects != null) |
  .subjects[] as $s |
  "\(.metadata.name) | \(.roleRef.name) | \($s.kind)/\($s.name)"
' | sort | column -t -s '|'

# All RoleBindings across namespaces
kubectl get rolebindings --all-namespaces -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] | select(.subjects != null) |
  .subjects[] as $s |
  "\(.metadata.namespace) | \(.metadata.name) | \(.roleRef.name) | \($s.kind)/\($s.name)"
' | sort | column -t -s '|'

# Find service accounts with cluster-admin or admin roles
kubectl get clusterrolebindings -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] |
  select(.roleRef.name == "cluster-admin" or .roleRef.name == "admin") |
  select(.subjects[]?.kind == "ServiceAccount") |
  "\(.subjects[] | select(.kind == "ServiceAccount") | "\(.namespace)/\(.name)")"
'

# Find pods using the default service account
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] |
  select(.spec.serviceAccountName == "default" or .spec.serviceAccountName == null) |
  "\(.metadata.namespace)/\(.metadata.name)"
'

# Find pods with auto-mounted service account tokens
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o json | jq -r '
  .items[] |
  select(.spec.automountServiceAccountToken != false) |
  "\(.metadata.namespace)/\(.metadata.name) sa=\(.spec.serviceAccountName // "default")"
'

# Install rbac-lookup
kubectl krew install rbac-lookup

# View RBAC for a specific user
kubectl rbac-lookup developer@company.com

# View all RBAC bindings wide format
kubectl rbac-lookup --kind user -o wide

# Install rakkess
kubectl krew install access-matrix

# Show access matrix for current user
kubectl access-matrix

# Show access for a specific service account
kubectl access-matrix --sa payments:payment-processor