Detecting OAuth Token Theft

Token Type            | Lifetime     | Theft Vector                    | Impact
----------------------|-------------|----------------------------------|------------------
Access Token          | 60-90 min   | Memory dump, proxy interception  | API access for token lifetime
Refresh Token         | Up to 90 days| Browser cookie theft, malware   | Persistent access, new access tokens
Primary Refresh Token | Session-based| Mimikatz, AADInternals, malware | Full SSO to all M365/Azure apps
Session Cookie        | Varies      | XSS, browser exploit, AitM proxy | Full session hijacking
Device Code Token     | 15 min auth | Phishing (device code flow abuse)| Attacker gets refresh token via social engineering

Entra Admin Center > Protection > Identity Protection > Risk Detections

Key risk detections for token theft:
- Anomalous Token        : Token has unusual characteristics (claim anomalies)
- Token Issuer Anomaly   : Token issued by an unusual token issuer
- Unfamiliar Sign-in     : Sign-in from a location not seen before for the user
- Impossible Travel      : Sign-ins from geographically distant locations in impossible time
- Malicious IP Address   : Sign-in from a known malicious IP
- Suspicious Browser     : Sign-in from a suspicious or attacker-controlled browser

Entra Admin Center > Protection > Conditional Access > New Policy

Policy Name: "Block High-Risk Sign-ins - Token Theft Protection"
Assignments:
  Users: All users (exclude break-glass accounts)
  Cloud Apps: All cloud apps
Conditions:
  Sign-in Risk: High
Grant:
  Block access

Policy Name: "Require MFA for Medium-Risk Sign-ins"
Assignments:
  Users: All users
  Cloud Apps: All cloud apps
Conditions:
  Sign-in Risk: Medium
Grant:
  Require multifactor authentication
  Require password change

Entra Admin Center > Protection > Conditional Access > New Policy

Policy Name: "Enforce Token Protection for Desktop Sessions"
Assignments:
  Users: All users (start with a pilot group)
  Cloud Apps: Office 365 Exchange Online, Office 365 SharePoint Online
  Conditions:
    Device Platforms: Windows
Session:
  Require token protection for sign-in sessions (Preview): Enabled
Grant:
  Require device to be marked as compliant
  OR Require Hybrid Azure AD joined device

// KQL query for Microsoft Sentinel or Log Analytics
// Detect sign-ins where the token was issued in one location and used in another
SigninLogs
| where TimeGenerated > ago(7d)
| where RiskDetail contains "token" or RiskEventTypes_V2 has "anomalousToken"
| project TimeGenerated, UserPrincipalName, IPAddress, Location,
          RiskDetail, RiskLevelDuringSignIn, AppDisplayName,
          DeviceDetail, ClientAppUsed, TokenIssuerType
| sort by TimeGenerated desc

// Detect impossible travel with token reuse
SigninLogs
| where TimeGenerated > ago(7d)
| where ResultType == 0  // Successful sign-ins only
| summarize Locations=make_set(Location), IPs=make_set(IPAddress),
            Count=count() by UserPrincipalName, bin(TimeGenerated, 1h)
| where array_length(Locations) > 1
| sort by TimeGenerated desc

// Detect device code flow abuse (often used in phishing)
SigninLogs
| where TimeGenerated > ago(7d)
| where AuthenticationProtocol == "deviceCode"
| project TimeGenerated, UserPrincipalName, IPAddress, Location,
          AppDisplayName, DeviceDetail, ResultType
| sort by TimeGenerated desc

// Detect token replay: same token used from multiple IPs
AADNonInteractiveUserSignInLogs
| where TimeGenerated > ago(7d)
| where ResultType == 0
| summarize IPs=make_set(IPAddress), IPCount=dcount(IPAddress)
            by UserPrincipalName, CorrelationId
| where IPCount > 1
| sort by IPCount desc

# Step 5a: Revoke all refresh tokens for the compromised user
# Microsoft Graph PowerShell
Connect-MgGraph -Scopes "User.ReadWrite.All"
Revoke-MgUserSignInSession -UserId "user@contoso.com"

# Step 5b: Force password reset
Update-MgUser -UserId "user@contoso.com" -PasswordProfile @{
    ForceChangePasswordNextSignIn = $true
}

# Step 5c: Review and revoke OAuth app consent grants
# Check for malicious app consent (common post-compromise persistence)
Get-MgUserOauth2PermissionGrant -UserId "user@contoso.com" |
    Select-Object ClientId, ConsentType, Scope

# Remove suspicious OAuth grants
Remove-MgOauth2PermissionGrant -OAuth2PermissionGrantId "<grant-id>"

# Step 5d: Review enterprise app registrations for rogue apps
Get-MgServicePrincipal -Filter "displayName eq 'Suspicious App'" |
    Select-Object AppId, DisplayName, SignInAudience

# Step 5e: Check for mail forwarding rules (common post-compromise action)
Get-MgUserMailFolderRule -UserId "user@contoso.com" -MailFolderId "Inbox" |
    Where-Object { $_.Actions.ForwardTo -ne $null -or $_.Actions.RedirectTo -ne $null }

Entra Admin Center > Protection > Conditional Access > Continuous Access Evaluation

Settings:
  Strictly enforce location policies: Enabled

CAE ensures that when you revoke a user's session or change their
risk level, the enforcement happens within minutes rather than waiting
for the access token to naturally expire (60-90 minutes).

Critical events that trigger immediate token revocation with CAE:
- User account disabled or deleted
- Password changed or reset
- MFA enabled for the user
- Admin explicitly revokes refresh tokens
- Azure AD Identity Protection detects elevated user risk
- Network location change violates conditional access policy

Microsoft Defender for Cloud Apps > Policies > Session Policies

Policy: "Block download from unmanaged device with stolen token"
  Session Control Type: Monitor and block activities
  Activity Source: App = Office 365, SharePoint Online
  Activity Filter: Device tag does not equal "Compliant"
  Activity Type: Download
  Action: Block

Policy: "Alert on mass file download (exfiltration via stolen token)"
  Session Control Type: Monitor only
  Activity Source: App = Office 365
  Activity Filter: Repeated activity > 10 downloads in 5 minutes
  Action: Alert administrators