Bio Metagenomics Strain Tracking

Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: inStrain 1.8+, StrainPhlAn/MetaPhlAn 4.1+, dRep 3.4+, skani 0.2+, Bowtie2 2.5+, samtools 1.19+, pandas 2.2+.

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• CLI: inStrain profile -h, strainphlan -h, skani dist -h to confirm flags and defaults
• Python: pip show <package> then help(module.function) to check signatures

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

The mapping REFERENCE defines the answer. Map to genomes present in the sample set (dRep-dereplicated MAGs from this dataset), not generic database genomes - a distant reference inflates apparent SNVs and corrupts popANI. Record the reference set, the popANI/nGD threshold, the minimum coverage and breadth, and the co-detection rate; the "strain" is defined by these, not by nature.

Strain Tracking

"Is the same strain in samples A and B?" -> Compare per-position SNV populations (not consensus genomes) at adequate depth - because a strain is defined by the chosen threshold, and ANI cannot resolve the difference that matters.

• CLI: inStrain profile sample.bam reps.fasta -o sample.IS -s reps.stb -p 8 then inStrain compare

Scope: in-situ strain resolution, sharing, and deconvolution from a community. Pure-culture isolate outbreak SNP/cgMLST trees -> epidemiological-genomics. MAG assembly/binning -> genome-assembly/metagenome-assembly. Species presence/abundance -> kraken-classification, metaphlan-profiling.

The Single Most Important Modern Insight -- A Strain Is a Threshold, Not a Thing

There is no universal definition of a metagenomic strain. A strain is an operational construct fixed by the reference mapped to, the genome fraction comparable at adequate depth, and the cutoff drawn. inStrain's popANI >= 99.999% over >= 50% of the genome IS the strain definition; Valles-Colomer's per-species nGD threshold IS the strain definition. Changing the cutoff changes how many strains exist. Two corollaries:

1. ANI answers "same genome?"; popANI/nGD answer "same population, in situ?" Genome-to-genome ANI (MASH/skani/fastANI) saturates - two genuinely distinct, separately transmissible strains routinely share >99.9% ANI, and ANI's resolution floor sits above the difference that matters. Strain sharing cannot be done with an ANI number; it needs microdiversity-aware, position-level concordance.
2. Detecting a shared strain is a narrow statement: across the genome fraction both samples covered at >= 5x, their SNV populations were >= 99.999% concordant. That is not proof an organism was transmitted between two people - the threshold certifies genomic identity within a coverage window, nothing more.

The Three Tasks (Do Not Conflate)

Genome-to-genome ANI (MASH/skani/fastANI) is a fourth, orthogonal task - "are these two assembled genomes the same?" - isolate/MAG comparison and dereplication, NOT in-situ strain resolution.

Tool Taxonomy

Decision Tree by Scenario

inStrain: popANI vs conANI

Goal: Decide whether two metagenomes share a strain without being fooled by which allele happens to be the majority.

Approach: dRep the dataset's MAGs into representative genomes, map reads to the concatenated references, profile each sample, then compare on popANI (microdiversity-aware) over the co-covered genome fraction.

# 1. dRep -> representative genomes (97-99% ANI); concatenate; build scaffold-to-bin (.stb).
# 2. Map reads to the concatenated reps - your OWN MAGs, not database genomes.
bowtie2 -x reps -1 r1.fq.gz -2 r2.fq.gz | samtools sort -o sampleA.bam
inStrain profile sampleA.bam reps.fasta -o sampleA.IS -s reps.stb -g genes.fna -p 8
inStrain profile sampleB.bam reps.fasta -o sampleB.IS -s reps.stb -g genes.fna -p 8
inStrain compare -i sampleA.IS sampleB.IS -o compare.out -s reps.stb -p 8

conANI calls a difference whenever the consensus base differs - confounded by within-sample microdiversity (a minor-allele flip fakes a difference). popANI calls a difference only if the two samples share NO alleles at all, including minor ones, so popANI >= conANI always and is what detects shared strains consensus tools miss. Read genome-level calls from genomeWide_compare.tsv (breadth column percent_compared); the per-scaffold comparisonsTable.tsv uses percent_genome_compared.

StrainPhlAn: Marker SNVs and nGD

metaphlan sample.fq.gz --input_type fastq -s sample.sam.bz2 --bowtie2out sample.bz2 -o profile.tsv  # need the SAM (-s)
sample2markers.py -i sams/*.sam.bz2 -o consensus_markers -n 8
extract_markers.py -c t__SGB1877 -o clade_markers/
strainphlan -s consensus_markers/*.json -m clade_markers/t__SGB1877.fna \
    -r reference_genomes/*.fna.bz2 -o output -c t__SGB1877 \
    --marker_in_n_samples_perc 80 --sample_with_n_markers 20 --nproc 8  # 4.0 named this --marker_in_n_samples

The output tree gives a pairwise nGD (normalized genetic distance). There is no universal nGD strain cutoff - derive a per-species threshold from the data (same-individual-different-timepoint pairs fall below it, unrelated pairs above), as in Valles-Colomer 2023. Low coverage means too few markers pass the filters and the sample is dropped from the species tree silently - so a missing shared-strain call is not evidence of no shared strain.

Genome-vs-Genome ANI (Isolate/MAG Comparison, NOT In-Situ Strains)

skani dist genomeA.fasta genomeB.fasta   # prefer skani over fastANI: robust on fragmented MAGs

~95% ANI is the species boundary (Jain 2018 Nat Commun 9:5114). ANI saturates above that and cannot resolve same-vs-different strain - use it to compare isolates/MAGs and to dereplicate, never to call transmission.

Per-Method Failure Modes

ANI distance reported as strain resolution

Trigger: "MASH distance < 0.001 = same strain" or "fastANI > 99% = same strain." Mechanism: ANI operates on consensus genomes, saturates above 99.9%, and ignores microdiversity. Symptom: distinct transmissible strains called identical; transmission inferred from an ANI number. Fix: use ANI for isolate/MAG comparison; use inStrain popANI / StrainPhlAn nGD for strain sharing.