Typescript

Idiomatic TypeScript types

Express data and contracts precisely in the TypeScript type system, and configure the compiler so the types actually hold.

Targets TypeScript 5.9 (current stable, Q1 2026): redesigned tsc --init defaults (module: nodenext, target: esnext, moduleDetection: force, strict on), import defer for deferred module evaluation, expandable editor hovers. The TypeScript 7 native compiler (tsgo, the Go port) is in preview as @typescript/native-preview and type-checks roughly 10x faster (VS Code's 1.5M LOC: 89s -> 8.74s) — adopt it for fast local checks; stable 7.0 lands early 2026.

Boundary: language vs runtime vs framework

Three layers, three owners. Language + compiler config lives here — generics, narrowing, .d.ts, tsconfig, and the build toolchain (tsc vs tsgo, tsx, resolution mode). Runtime behavior (how a stream backpressures, how the event loop schedules) is nodejs. Framework idioms (component props, route maps, server-component typing) are react/nextjs/nestjs — those borrow this skill's type mechanics but own their wiring. A tsconfig question is here; a "stream backpressure" question is nodejs; a "type my useReducer state" question is react. Also delegate: ORM schema-to-type generation -> drizzle-orm / prisma-orm; REST/contract shape design -> api-design; test runner and E2E setup -> testing-web / e2e-testing; injection/authz review -> secure-coding; Python typing -> python; Go -> go.

Decision rules

Apply these on every TypeScript edit:

1. Prefer inference; annotate boundaries. Let TS infer locals and returns; annotate function parameters, public APIs, and .d.ts. Why: redundant annotations drift from reality and suppress the better inferred type.
2. import type for type-only imports, with verbatimModuleSyntax: true. Why: it prevents emitting type-only imports as runtime requires and lets esbuild/swc transpile each file alone.
3. Narrow, don't cast. Reach for type guards, in, typeof, discriminant checks before as; when as is unavoidable, only as <narrower> or as unknown as T at a true I/O boundary. Why: as asserts a claim the compiler cannot verify — it is a silenced error, and as to a wider or unrelated type is almost always a real bug hidden.

The type-system toolbox

Generics + constraints, and const type parameters

Constrain type parameters so callers get errors at the call site, and use a const type parameter (TS 5.0+) to preserve literal inference without as const everywhere:

// Bad: unconstrained T, and the literal "a"|"b" widens to string.
function pick<T>(obj: T, key: string) { return (obj as any)[key]; }

// Good: K is constrained to obj's keys; const T keeps the literal union.
function pick<const T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, key: K): T[K] {
  return obj[key];
}
const r = pick({ a: 1, b: "x" } as const, "b"); // r: "x", not string

unknown over any at every boundary

any disables checking and silently poisons every downstream type it touches; unknown forces a narrow before use.

// Bad: any flows everywhere, no error ever fires downstream.
function parse(json: string): any { return JSON.parse(json); }

// Good: unknown forces a narrow before the value is trusted.
function parse(json: string): unknown { return JSON.parse(json); }
const data = parse(input);
if (typeof data === "object" && data && "id" in data) { /* now narrowed */ }

satisfies for config validation without widening

type Route = { path: string; method: "GET" | "POST" };

// Bad: annotation widens — routes.home.method is "GET" | "POST", and a typo in
// a key would only surface far away.
const a: Record<string, Route> = { home: { path: "/", method: "GET" } };

// Good: satisfies validates each entry AND keeps literal types.
const routes = {
  home: { path: "/", method: "GET" },
} satisfies Record<string, Route>;
routes.home.method; // "GET" (narrow), and "GE" would error right here

Discriminated unions + exhaustive never

Model state as a discriminated union, not an optional-field bag: { data?: T; error?: E; loading?: boolean } permits loading && error; a literal discriminant makes illegal states unrepresentable. That discriminant must be a literal type (not string), and you must check it before destructuring — destructuring first throws away the narrowing.

type State =
  | { status: "loading" }
  | { status: "ok"; data: string }
  | { status: "error"; message: string };

// Bad: destructured before the check — `data`/`message` are typed as the union.
function render({ status, data, message }: State) { /* no narrowing */ }

// Good: switch on the literal discriminant, exhaustive never guard at the end.
function render(s: State): string {
  switch (s.status) {
    case "loading": return "...";
    case "ok": return s.data;
    case "error": return s.message;
    default: { const _exhaustive: never = s; return _exhaustive; }
  }
}

Add a "deleted" member to State and the default branch fails to compile — that is the point.

Branded (nominal) types

TS is structural, so a UserId and a raw string are interchangeable unless you brand them:

type UserId = string & { readonly __brand: "UserId" };
const asUserId = (s: string): UserId => s as UserId; // brand only at the validated boundary
function load(id: UserId) { /* a bare string is now a compile error */ }

Utility types cheat row

Partial<T> Required<T> Readonly<T> Pick<T,K> Omit<T,K> Record<K,V> Exclude<U,M> Extract<U,M> NonNullable<T> ReturnType<F> Parameters<F> Awaited<T> NoInfer<T> (TS 5.4+, blocks a type param from inferring at one site).

Mapped / conditional / template-literal one-liners

type Mutable<T> = { -readonly [K in keyof T]: T[K] };          // strip readonly
type Nullable<T> = { [K in keyof T]: T[K] | null };            // mapped transform
type Unwrap<T> = T extends Promise<infer U> ? U : T;           // conditional + infer
type EventName<T extends string> = `on${Capitalize<T>}`;       // template literal

Deep recipes (recursive types, declaration merging, variance/in-out, assertion functions, overloads) live in references/type-system.md.

tsconfig: strict base

Copy-paste base. Every package extends this and overrides only paths/references:

{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "strict": true,                    // the whole strict family, non-negotiable
    "noUncheckedIndexedAccess": true,  // arr[i] / rec[k] are T | undefined
    "verbatimModuleSyntax": true,      // explicit import type; safe single-file transpile
    "isolatedModules": true,           // each file transpilable alone (esbuild/swc/babel)
    "skipLibCheck": true,              // don't type-check node_modules .d.ts (speed)
    "resolveJsonModule": true,         // import data.json with types
    "target": "esnext",
    "module": "nodenext",              // or "esnext" + "moduleResolution": "bundler"
    "moduleResolution": "nodenext",
    "moduleDetection": "force",
    "noEmit": true                     // a bundler/tsc -b emits; the base just checks
  }
}