Agent skill

Grad Oli

by asgard-ai-platform in asgard-ai-platform/skills

Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages.

MITAuto-check passed

Install Grad Oli

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a claude-code

Project install by default; add -g for ~/.claude/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli --agent claude-code

Project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .claude/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .claude/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.claude/skills/ instead of .claude/skills for a personal install. The folder must contain SKILL.md.

Claude Code skills documentation · loads skills from .claude/skills/

Paste into Claude Code

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .claude/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

Claude Code copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

$skill-installer

$skill-installer install https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli

Type this inside Codex. $skill-installer <name> installs a curated skill from openai/skills. The installer writes to $CODEX_HOME/skills (default ~/.codex/skills). Restart Codex if the skill does not show up.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a codex

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.codex/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli --agent codex

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .agents/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .agents/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.agents/skills/ instead of .agents/skills for a personal install.

Codex skills documentation · loads skills from .agents/skills/

Paste into Codex

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .agents/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

Codex copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a cursor

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.cursor/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli --agent cursor

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .cursor/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .cursor/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.cursor/skills/ instead of .cursor/skills for a personal install.

Cursor skills documentation · loads skills from .cursor/skills/, .agents/skills/, .claude/skills/, .codex/skills/

Paste into Cursor

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .cursor/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

Cursor copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

gemini skills install

$ gemini skills install https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git --path grad-oli

--scope user (default) or --scope workspace; --path is the subfolder of the repo that holds the skill; --consent skips the security confirmation prompt.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a gemini-cli

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.gemini/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli --agent gemini-cli

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .gemini/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .gemini/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.gemini/skills/ instead of .gemini/skills for a personal install, then run /skills reload.

Gemini CLI skills documentation · loads skills from .gemini/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into Gemini CLI

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .gemini/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

Gemini CLI copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli

Installs for Copilot at project scope by default; add --scope user for a personal install. Preview a skill first with gh skill preview. Needs GitHub CLI 2.90.0 or later (public preview).

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a github-copilot

Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.copilot/skills/.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .github/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .github/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.copilot/skills/ instead of .github/skills for a personal install. Commit .github/skills so cloud agent and code review can use it.

GitHub Copilot skills documentation · loads skills from .github/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into GitHub Copilot

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .github/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

GitHub Copilot copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

skills CLI

$ npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a opencode

OpenCode documents no install command of its own. Project install goes to .agents/skills/; add -g for ~/.config/opencode/skills/.

GitHub CLI

$ gh skill install asgard-ai-platform/skills grad-oli --agent opencode

Project scope by default (.agents/skills/); add --scope user for a personal install.

Manual copy

$ git clone --depth 1 https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills.git skills-src && mkdir -p .opencode/skills && cp -r skills-src/grad-oli .opencode/skills/grad-oli && rm -rf skills-src

Use ~/.config/opencode/skills/ instead of .opencode/skills for a personal install.

OpenCode skills documentation · loads skills from .opencode/skills/, .claude/skills/, .agents/skills/

Paste into OpenCode

Install the "grad-oli" agent skill from https://github.com/asgard-ai-platform/skills/tree/main/grad-oli into .opencode/skills/grad-oli/ in this project. Copy the whole folder (SKILL.md and every file beside it), keep the folder name "grad-oli", then confirm the skill loads.

OpenCode copies the folder itself, the same result as the manual copy. Check what it changed before you commit it.

Facts

Skill name: grad-oli
GitHub stars: 242
Token cost: ~1.4k tokens
SKILL.md length: 489 words
Files: 4 (incl. references)
Skills in repo: 207
Repo updated: Jun 6, 2026
First seen: Oct 7, 2026
Licence: MIT

At a glance

Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages.

Works in 4 steps: Assess Ownership Advantages (O) → Assess Location Advantages (L) → Assess Internalization Advantages (I) → …
The user needs to decide whether to invest abroad
SKILL.md covers Overview, When to Use, Assumptions and Methodology, plus 3 more sections
Instructions only: no scripts, shell commands, URLs or credentials in SKILL.md

What it does

Grad Oli is an agent skill from asgard-ai-platform/skills. Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages. Use this skill when the user needs to decide whether to invest abroad, choose between FDI modes (wholly-owned subsidiary, joint venture, licensing), or explain why a firm internationalizes through FDI rather than export or licensing.

Its SKILL.md is about 1.4k tokens, which your agent loads only when the skill is triggered. The skill folder holds 5 other files, including reference files (for example `examples/sample_scenario.md`, `references/oli-formalization.md` and `references/oli-services.md`).

The repository describes itself as: 301 open-source coding agent skills across 22 domains — methodology, judgment & gotchas packaged as Claude Agent Skills for the Asgard AI Platform. The licence is MIT.

When your agent uses it

The user needs to decide whether to invest abroad
Choose between FDI modes (wholly-owned subsidiary
Explain why a firm internationalizes through FDI rather than export

Example prompts

“/grad-oli”

Workflow steps

4 steps, taken from the step headings in SKILL.md.

Assess Ownership Advantages (O)
Assess Location Advantages (L)
Assess Internalization Advantages (I)
Determine Entry Mode

What it can do on your machine

Read from SKILL.md and the folder at commit 4e7f4f8. It shows what the files ask for, not the result of running them.

Tool permissions
Pre-approves nothing: there is no allowed-tools line, so your agent's usual permission prompts apply.
From allowed-tools in the SKILL.md frontmatter.
Runs code
No scripts in the folder and no shell commands in SKILL.md (its code samples are markdown).
From the folder's file list and the shell code blocks in SKILL.md.
Network
No URLs in SKILL.md.
From URLs in SKILL.md, links to its own repository left out.
Credentials
Names no API keys, tokens, secrets or passwords.
From names ending in _API_KEY, _TOKEN, _SECRET, _KEY or _PASSWORD in SKILL.md.

Context cost

Grad Oli loads about 1.4k tokens when it runs, and up to ~8.4k if it reads all its reference files. Until then it costs about 100 tokens; SKILL.md has 489 words of instructions outside code blocks.

Always · name and description, kept in context so the agent knows when to use it: ~100
When it runs · the whole SKILL.md, loaded when a task matches: ~1.4k
With references · SKILL.md plus every file in references/, read only if the agent opens them: ~8.4k

Estimates: characters ÷ 4, the usual rule of thumb; real counts depend on the model's tokenizer. Scripts and assets cost tokens only if the agent reads them.

Safety

Auto-check passed

The automated check found no risky patterns in SKILL.md.

Automated static check — not a guarantee. Review scripts before installing. It scans the text of SKILL.md for risky patterns (piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files, hidden Unicode, destructive commands); files beside SKILL.md are not scanned.

SKILL.md

The full file from asgard-ai-platform/skills at commit 4e7f4f8, republished under its MIT licence (© asgard-ai-platform). 489 words, ~1,388 tokens.

Download SKILL.mdSave it as .claude/skills/grad-oli/SKILL.md (or your agent's skills folder). This skill also uses 3 other files; get the full folder from GitHub.

name: grad-oli
description: Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages. Use this skill when the user needs to decide whether to invest abroad, choose between FDI modes (wholly-owned subsidiary, joint venture, licensing), or explain why a firm internationalizes through FDI rather than export or licensing.
metadata.category: WP-24 創新與國際化
metadata.tags: OLI-paradigm, dunning, eclectic-theory, FDI, ownership-advantage, location-advantage, internalization-advantage

OLI Paradigm (Dunning, 1977): Eclectic Theory of FDI

Overview

The OLI Paradigm explains why firms engage in foreign direct investment (FDI) rather than exporting or licensing. Three conditions must hold simultaneously: the firm possesses Ownership advantages (proprietary assets), the foreign Location offers advantages over the home market, and Internalization is preferable to market-based transactions (licensing/franchising). The configuration of OLI advantages also determines the FDI mode.

When to Use

Trigger conditions:

User is deciding whether to invest in a foreign market via FDI
User asks why a firm should own foreign operations rather than export or license
User needs to choose between wholly-owned subsidiary, joint venture, or licensing
User mentions "FDI decision", "OLI", "internationalization mode", or "eclectic theory"

When NOT to use:

For gradual internationalization process -> use grad-uppsala
For early-stage rapid internationalization -> use grad-born-global
For national competitive advantage analysis -> use grad-diamond

Assumptions

IRON LAW: ALL Three OLI Advantages Must Be Present to Justify FDI

- Ownership (O) alone -> License or export (no need to be there)
- Ownership + Location (O+L) -> Export (no need to internalize)
- Ownership + Internalization (O+I) -> Domestic production (no location pull)

Only when O + L + I are ALL present does FDI make economic sense.
If ANY one is missing, a different entry mode is optimal.

Firms are rational actors seeking to minimize transaction costs
Market imperfections (information asymmetry, opportunism) drive internalization
OLI advantages are firm-specific, industry-specific, and country-specific

Methodology

Step 1: Assess Ownership Advantages (O)

Identify firm-specific advantages foreign competitors lack: asset-based (Oa: patents, technology, brand) and transaction-based (Ot: managerial capabilities, scale economies). If no clear O advantage exists, STOP -- the firm has no basis for FDI.

Step 2: Assess Location Advantages (L)

Evaluate why the foreign location is superior to serving from home:

Market-seeking: Large market size, growing demand, trade barriers making export unviable
Resource-seeking: Low-cost labor, raw materials, specialized talent
Efficiency-seeking: Scale economies, favorable tax regimes, supply chain optimization
Strategic asset-seeking: Access to technology clusters, R&D ecosystems, knowledge networks

If no clear L advantage exists -> Export from home is sufficient.

Show full SKILL.md (221 more words)Show less

Step 3: Assess Internalization Advantages (I)

Evaluate why internal governance is preferable to licensing or franchising:

High transaction costs: Tacit knowledge that is hard to codify and transfer
Quality control: Brand reputation requires tight operational control
Opportunism risk: Licensee may become a competitor or degrade quality
Contractual incompleteness: Cannot write contracts covering all contingencies

If no clear I advantage exists -> License or franchise instead of FDI.

Step 4: Determine Entry Mode

OLI Configuration	Recommended Mode
O + L + I (all strong)	Wholly-owned subsidiary (greenfield or acquisition)
O + L + I (I moderate)	Joint venture (share control, reduce risk)
O + L (no I)	Licensing / franchising
O only (no L, no I)	Export from home
No O	Do not internationalize

Output Format

markdown

# OLI Assessment: {Firm} -> {Target Country/Market}

## Ownership Advantages (O)
- Asset-based: {list with strength rating}
- Transaction-based: {list with strength rating}
- O assessment: Strong / Moderate / Weak

## Location Advantages (L)
- Motivation: Market / Resource / Efficiency / Strategic asset
- Key L factors: {list}
- L assessment: Strong / Moderate / Weak

## Internalization Advantages (I)
- Transaction cost drivers: {list}
- Opportunism risk: High / Medium / Low
- I assessment: Strong / Moderate / Weak

## OLI Configuration: {O+L+I / O+L / O only / etc.}

## Recommended Entry Mode: {mode with rationale}

Gotchas

OLI is a static snapshot: Advantages evolve. A location advantage (cheap labor) may erode. Reassess periodically.
O advantages can be imitated: Patents expire, knowledge diffuses. Sustainable O requires continuous innovation.
Government policy changes L overnight: Tax incentives, trade agreements, or political instability can flip L assessments.
JVs are a distinct strategy, not a compromise: Do not default to JV out of uncertainty. JVs carry their own risks.
OLI does not address timing: It answers "should we FDI?" not "when?" For sequencing, combine with Uppsala.

References

For OLI mathematical formalization and extensions, see references/oli-formalization.md
For OLI application to service sector FDI, see references/oli-services.md

Files

SKILL.md and 3 other files (references) in grad-oli of asgard-ai-platform/skills.

SKILL.md
examples/sample_scenario.md
references/oli-formalization.md
references/oli-services.md

Open the folder on GitHubat commit 4e7f4f8

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Questions about Grad Oli

What does Grad Oli do?

Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages. Grad Oli is an agent skill from asgard-ai-platform/skills. Apply Dunning's OLI Paradigm (Eclectic Theory) to evaluate foreign direct investment decisions based on Ownership, Location, and Internalization advantages.

When should I use Grad Oli?

Grad Oli fits situations like: the user needs to decide whether to invest abroad; choose between FDI modes (wholly-owned subsidiary; explain why a firm internationalizes through FDI rather than export.

How do I install Grad Oli in Claude Code?

Run `npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a claude-code`. Or copy the skill folder (grad-oli in asgard-ai-platform/skills) into .claude/skills/grad-oli in your project. Claude Code loads it when a task matches its description.

How do I install Grad Oli in Codex?

Run `npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a codex`. Or copy the skill folder (grad-oli in asgard-ai-platform/skills) into .agents/skills/grad-oli in your project. Codex loads it when a task matches its description.

Can I use Grad Oli in Cursor, Gemini CLI or GitHub Copilot?

Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot and OpenCode also load SKILL.md folders. With the skills CLI, run `npx skills add asgard-ai-platform/skills --skill grad-oli -a cursor` (or -a gemini-cli, github-copilot or opencode for the others). To copy it by hand, put the folder in .cursor/skills/grad-oli, .gemini/skills/grad-oli, .github/skills/grad-oli and .opencode/skills/grad-oli in your project.

What does Grad Oli need to run?

SKILL.md names no scripts, command-line tools or credentials: Grad Oli is instructions for the agent only.

Does Grad Oli access the network?

SKILL.md contains no URLs. Any network use would come from the scripts or tools the agent runs. This is read from the text; nothing was executed.

Is Grad Oli safe to install?

Our automated static check of SKILL.md found no risky patterns, such as piping downloads into a shell, reading credential files or hidden Unicode. It is not a guarantee. Review the folder before installing.

What licence does Grad Oli use?

Grad Oli is published under the MIT licence (the repository's licence). It allows redistribution, so the full SKILL.md is shown on this page.

How many tokens does Grad Oli use?

About 1.4k tokens (SKILL.md is roughly 5.6k characters). Agents keep only the skill's name and description in context until a task matches; then they load SKILL.md in full. Its references folder adds about 7k tokens, read only when the agent opens those files.

What are the alternatives to Grad Oli?

Skills that share tags, products or a category with Grad Oli: Arize Evaluator (github/awesome-copilot, 40k stars), LLM Evaluation (davila7/claude-code-templates, 33k stars), Agent Evaluation (sickn33/agentic-awesome-skills, 47k stars) and Evaluators (Arize-ai/phoenix, 12k stars). The comparison table on this page puts their stars, adoption, token cost, safety result and licence side by side.

Who maintains Grad Oli?

asgard-ai-platform (a GitHub organization) maintains it in asgard-ai-platform/skills, which has 242 GitHub stars. The repository holds 207 skills in this directory. The repository was last updated on June 6, 2026.

Source: asgard-ai-platform/skills on GitHub. Facts on this page come from the repository at the commit we read; the author's words are quoted as theirs.

Install Grad Oli

Facts

At a glance

What it does

When your agent uses it

Example prompts

Workflow steps

What it can do on your machine

Tool permissions

Runs code

Network

Credentials

Context cost

Safety

SKILL.md

OLI Paradigm (Dunning, 1977): Eclectic Theory of FDI

Overview

When to Use

Assumptions

Methodology

Step 1: Assess Ownership Advantages (O)

Step 2: Assess Location Advantages (L)

Step 3: Assess Internalization Advantages (I)

Step 4: Determine Entry Mode

Output Format

Gotchas

References

Files

Compare with similar skills

Similar skills

More from asgard-ai-platform/skills

Questions about Grad Oli