Managing Vulnerabilities

Container Image → Trivy (default choice) OR Grype (accuracy focus)
Source Code → Semgrep (open-source) OR Snyk Code (commercial)
Running Application → OWASP ZAP (open-source) OR StackHawk (CI/CD native)
Dependencies → Dependabot (GitHub) OR Renovate (advanced automation)
Secrets → Gitleaks (open-source) OR GitGuardian (commercial)

# CycloneDX format (recommended for security)
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json myapp:latest

# SPDX format (for compliance)
trivy image --format spdx-json --output sbom-spdx.json myapp:latest

# Scan SBOM (faster than re-scanning image)
trivy sbom sbom.json --severity HIGH,CRITICAL

# Generate CycloneDX
syft myapp:latest -o cyclonedx-json=sbom.json

# Generate SPDX
syft myapp:latest -o spdx-json=sbom-spdx.json

# Pipe to Grype for scanning
syft myapp:latest -o json | grype

Priority Score = (CVSS × 0.3) + (EPSS × 100 × 0.3) + (KEV × 50) + (Asset × 0.2) + (Exposure × 0.2)

KEV: 1 if in KEV catalog, 0 otherwise
Asset: 1 (Critical), 0.7 (High), 0.4 (Medium), 0.1 (Low)
Exposure: 1 (Internet-facing), 0.5 (Internal), 0.1 (Isolated)

CVSS: 10.0
EPSS: 0.975 (97.5% exploitation probability)
KEV: Yes (CISA catalog)
Asset: Critical (payment API)
Exposure: Internet-facing

Priority Score = (10 × 0.3) + (97.5 × 0.3) + 50 + (1 × 0.2) + (1 × 0.2) = 82.65
Result: P0 - Critical (24-hour SLA)

Tools: Secret scanning (Gitleaks), SAST (Semgrep)
Threshold: Block high-confidence secrets, critical SAST findings
Speed: < 10 seconds

Tools: SAST, SCA, Secret scanning
Threshold: No Critical/High vulnerabilities, no secrets
Speed: < 5 minutes
Action: Block PR merge until fixed

Tools: Container scanning (Trivy), SBOM generation
Threshold: No Critical vulnerabilities in production dependencies
Artifacts: SBOM stored, scan results uploaded
Speed: < 2 minutes
Action: Fail build on Critical findings

Tools: DAST, Integration tests
Threshold: No Critical/High DAST findings
Speed: 10-30 minutes
Action: Gate deployment to production

Tools: Continuous scanning, runtime monitoring
Threshold: Alert on new CVEs in deployed images
Action: Alert security team, plan patching

name: Security Scan Pipeline

on: [push, pull_request]

jobs:
  secrets:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@main
        with:
          path: ./
          extra_args: --only-verified

  sast:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: semgrep/semgrep-action@v1
        with:
          config: p/security-audit

  container:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    needs: [secrets, sast]
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - run: docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .

      - uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          format: sarif
          output: trivy-results.sarif
          severity: HIGH,CRITICAL
          exit-code: 1

      - name: Generate SBOM
        run: |
          trivy image --format cyclonedx \
            --output sbom.json myapp:${{ github.sha }}

      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
        with:
          name: sbom
          path: sbom.json

# Scan container image
trivy image alpine:latest

# Scan with severity filter
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL alpine:latest

# Fail on findings (CI/CD)
trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp:latest

# Generate SBOM
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json alpine:latest

# Scan filesystem
trivy fs /path/to/project

# Scan Kubernetes manifests
trivy config deployment.yaml

severity: HIGH,CRITICAL
exit-code: 1
ignore-unfixed: true  # Only fail on fixable vulnerabilities
vuln-type: os,library
skip-dirs:
  - node_modules
  - vendor
ignorefile: .trivyignore

# False positive
CVE-2023-12345

# Accepted risk with justification
CVE-2023-67890  # Risk accepted: Not exploitable in our use case

# Development dependency (not in production)
CVE-2023-11111  # Dev dependency only

- name: Trivy Scan
  uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
  with:
    image-ref: myapp:${{ github.sha }}
    format: sarif
    output: trivy-results.sarif
    severity: HIGH,CRITICAL
    exit-code: 1

- name: Upload to GitHub Security
  uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v2
  if: always()
  with:
    sarif_file: trivy-results.sarif