Swift Concurrency 6 2

// Swift 6.1: ERROR
@MainActor
final class StickerModel {
    let photoProcessor = PhotoProcessor()

    func extractSticker(_ item: PhotosPickerItem) async throws -> Sticker? {
        guard let data = try await item.loadTransferable(type: Data.self) else { return nil }

        // Error: Sending 'self.photoProcessor' risks causing data races
        return await photoProcessor.extractSticker(data: data, with: item.itemIdentifier)
    }
}

// Swift 6.2: OK — async stays on MainActor, no data race
@MainActor
final class StickerModel {
    let photoProcessor = PhotoProcessor()

    func extractSticker(_ item: PhotosPickerItem) async throws -> Sticker? {
        guard let data = try await item.loadTransferable(type: Data.self) else { return nil }
        return await photoProcessor.extractSticker(data: data, with: item.itemIdentifier)
    }
}

protocol Exportable {
    func export()
}

// Swift 6.1: ERROR — crosses into main actor-isolated code
// Swift 6.2: OK with isolated conformance
extension StickerModel: @MainActor Exportable {
    func export() {
        photoProcessor.exportAsPNG()
    }
}

// OK — ImageExporter is also @MainActor
@MainActor
struct ImageExporter {
    var items: [any Exportable]

    mutating func add(_ item: StickerModel) {
        items.append(item)  // Safe: same actor isolation
    }
}

// ERROR — nonisolated context can't use MainActor conformance
nonisolated struct ImageExporter {
    var items: [any Exportable]

    mutating func add(_ item: StickerModel) {
        items.append(item)  // Error: Main actor-isolated conformance cannot be used here
    }
}

// Swift 6.1: ERROR — non-Sendable type may have shared mutable state
final class StickerLibrary {
    static let shared: StickerLibrary = .init()  // Error
}

// Fix: Annotate with @MainActor
@MainActor
final class StickerLibrary {
    static let shared: StickerLibrary = .init()  // OK
}

// With MainActor default inference enabled:
final class StickerLibrary {
    static let shared: StickerLibrary = .init()  // Implicitly @MainActor
}

final class StickerModel {
    let photoProcessor: PhotoProcessor
    var selection: [PhotosPickerItem]  // Implicitly @MainActor
}

extension StickerModel: Exportable {  // Implicitly @MainActor conformance
    func export() {
        photoProcessor.exportAsPNG()
    }
}

nonisolated final class PhotoProcessor {
    private var cachedStickers: [String: Sticker] = [:]

    func extractSticker(data: Data, with id: String) async -> Sticker {
        if let sticker = cachedStickers[id] {
            return sticker
        }

        let sticker = await Self.extractSubject(from: data)
        cachedStickers[id] = sticker
        return sticker
    }

    // Offload expensive work to concurrent thread pool
    @concurrent
    static func extractSubject(from data: Data) async -> Sticker { /* ... */ }
}

// Callers must await
let processor = PhotoProcessor()
processedPhotos[item.id] = await processor.extractSticker(data: data, with: item.id)