Kotlin Exposed Patterns

suspend fun findUserById(id: UUID): UserRow? =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.selectAll()
            .where { UsersTable.id eq id }
            .map { it.toUser() }
            .singleOrNull()
    }

suspend fun createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UserEntity.new {
            name = request.name
            email = request.email
            role = request.role
        }.toModel()
    }

val hikariConfig = HikariConfig().apply {
    driverClassName = config.driver
    jdbcUrl = config.url
    username = config.username
    password = config.password
    maximumPoolSize = config.maxPoolSize
    isAutoCommit = false
    transactionIsolation = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED"
    validate()
}

// DatabaseFactory.kt
object DatabaseFactory {
    fun create(config: DatabaseConfig): Database {
        val hikariConfig = HikariConfig().apply {
            driverClassName = config.driver
            jdbcUrl = config.url
            username = config.username
            password = config.password
            maximumPoolSize = config.maxPoolSize
            isAutoCommit = false
            transactionIsolation = "TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED"
            validate()
        }

        return Database.connect(HikariDataSource(hikariConfig))
    }
}

data class DatabaseConfig(
    val url: String,
    val driver: String = "org.postgresql.Driver",
    val username: String = "",
    val password: String = "",
    val maxPoolSize: Int = 10,
)

// FlywayMigration.kt
fun runMigrations(config: DatabaseConfig) {
    Flyway.configure()
        .dataSource(config.url, config.username, config.password)
        .locations("classpath:db/migration")
        .baselineOnMigrate(true)
        .load()
        .migrate()
}

// アプリケーションスタートアップ
fun Application.module() {
    val config = DatabaseConfig(
        url = environment.config.property("database.url").getString(),
        username = environment.config.property("database.username").getString(),
        password = environment.config.property("database.password").getString(),
    )
    runMigrations(config)
    val database = DatabaseFactory.create(config)
    // ...
}

-- src/main/resources/db/migration/V1__create_users.sql
CREATE TABLE users (
    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
    name VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
    role VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'USER',
    metadata JSONB,
    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW(),
    updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT NOW()
);

CREATE INDEX idx_users_email ON users(email);
CREATE INDEX idx_users_role ON users(role);

// tables/UsersTable.kt
object UsersTable : UUIDTable("users") {
    val name = varchar("name", 100)
    val email = varchar("email", 255).uniqueIndex()
    val role = enumerationByName<Role>("role", 20)
    val metadata = jsonb<UserMetadata>("metadata", Json.Default).nullable()
    val createdAt = timestampWithTimeZone("created_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
    val updatedAt = timestampWithTimeZone("updated_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
}

object OrdersTable : UUIDTable("orders") {
    val userId = uuid("user_id").references(UsersTable.id)
    val status = enumerationByName<OrderStatus>("status", 20)
    val totalAmount = long("total_amount")
    val currency = varchar("currency", 3)
    val createdAt = timestampWithTimeZone("created_at").defaultExpression(CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone)
}

object OrderItemsTable : UUIDTable("order_items") {
    val orderId = uuid("order_id").references(OrdersTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
    val productId = uuid("product_id")
    val quantity = integer("quantity")
    val unitPrice = long("unit_price")
}

object UserRolesTable : Table("user_roles") {
    val userId = uuid("user_id").references(UsersTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
    val roleId = uuid("role_id").references(RolesTable.id, onDelete = ReferenceOption.CASCADE)
    override val primaryKey = PrimaryKey(userId, roleId)
}

// 挿入
suspend fun insertUser(name: String, email: String, role: Role): UUID =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.insertAndGetId {
            it[UsersTable.name] = name
            it[UsersTable.email] = email
            it[UsersTable.role] = role
        }.value
    }

// ID で選択
suspend fun findUserById(id: UUID): UserRow? =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.selectAll()
            .where { UsersTable.id eq id }
            .map { it.toUser() }
            .singleOrNull()
    }

// 条件付き選択
suspend fun findActiveAdmins(): List<UserRow> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.selectAll()
            .where { (UsersTable.role eq Role.ADMIN) }
            .orderBy(UsersTable.name)
            .map { it.toUser() }
    }

// 更新
suspend fun updateUserEmail(id: UUID, newEmail: String): Boolean =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.update({ UsersTable.id eq id }) {
            it[email] = newEmail
            it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
        } > 0
    }

// 削除
suspend fun deleteUser(id: UUID): Boolean =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.deleteWhere { UsersTable.id eq id } > 0
    }

// 行マッピング
private fun ResultRow.toUser() = UserRow(
    id = this[UsersTable.id].value,
    name = this[UsersTable.name],
    email = this[UsersTable.email],
    role = this[UsersTable.role],
    metadata = this[UsersTable.metadata],
    createdAt = this[UsersTable.createdAt],
    updatedAt = this[UsersTable.updatedAt],
)

// JOIN クエリ
suspend fun findOrdersWithUser(userId: UUID): List<OrderWithUser> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        (OrdersTable innerJoin UsersTable)
            .selectAll()
            .where { OrdersTable.userId eq userId }
            .orderBy(OrdersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
            .map { row ->
                OrderWithUser(
                    orderId = row[OrdersTable.id].value,
                    status = row[OrdersTable.status],
                    totalAmount = row[OrdersTable.totalAmount],
                    userName = row[UsersTable.name],
                )
            }
    }

// 集計
suspend fun countUsersByRole(): Map<Role, Long> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable
            .select(UsersTable.role, UsersTable.id.count())
            .groupBy(UsersTable.role)
            .associate { row ->
                row[UsersTable.role] to row[UsersTable.id.count()]
            }
    }

// サブクエリ
suspend fun findUsersWithOrders(): List<UserRow> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.selectAll()
            .where {
                UsersTable.id inSubQuery
                    OrdersTable.select(OrdersTable.userId).withDistinct()
            }
            .map { it.toUser() }
    }

// LIKE とパターンマッチング — ワイルドカードインジェクションを防ぐため常にユーザー入力をエスケープ
private fun escapeLikePattern(input: String): String =
    input.replace("\\", "\\\\").replace("%", "\\%").replace("_", "\\_")

suspend fun searchUsers(query: String): List<UserRow> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        val sanitized = escapeLikePattern(query.lowercase())
        UsersTable.selectAll()
            .where {
                (UsersTable.name.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%") or
                    (UsersTable.email.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%")
            }
            .map { it.toUser() }
    }

data class Page<T>(
    val data: List<T>,
    val total: Long,
    val page: Int,
    val limit: Int,
) {
    val totalPages: Int get() = ((total + limit - 1) / limit).toInt()
    val hasNext: Boolean get() = page < totalPages
    val hasPrevious: Boolean get() = page > 1
}

suspend fun findUsersPaginated(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<UserRow> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        val total = UsersTable.selectAll().count()
        val data = UsersTable.selectAll()
            .orderBy(UsersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
            .limit(limit)
            .offset(((page - 1) * limit).toLong())
            .map { it.toUser() }

        Page(data = data, total = total, page = page, limit = limit)
    }

// バッチ挿入
suspend fun insertUsers(users: List<CreateUserRequest>): List<UUID> =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.batchInsert(users) { user ->
            this[UsersTable.name] = user.name
            this[UsersTable.email] = user.email
            this[UsersTable.role] = user.role
        }.map { it[UsersTable.id].value }
    }

// アップサート（競合時に挿入または更新）
suspend fun upsertUser(id: UUID, name: String, email: String) {
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UsersTable.upsert(UsersTable.email) {
            it[UsersTable.id] = EntityID(id, UsersTable)
            it[UsersTable.name] = name
            it[UsersTable.email] = email
            it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
        }
    }
}

// entities/UserEntity.kt
class UserEntity(id: EntityID<UUID>) : UUIDEntity(id) {
    companion object : UUIDEntityClass<UserEntity>(UsersTable)

    var name by UsersTable.name
    var email by UsersTable.email
    var role by UsersTable.role
    var metadata by UsersTable.metadata
    var createdAt by UsersTable.createdAt
    var updatedAt by UsersTable.updatedAt

    val orders by OrderEntity referrersOn OrdersTable.userId

    fun toModel(): User = User(
        id = id.value,
        name = name,
        email = email,
        role = role,
        metadata = metadata,
        createdAt = createdAt,
        updatedAt = updatedAt,
    )
}

class OrderEntity(id: EntityID<UUID>) : UUIDEntity(id) {
    companion object : UUIDEntityClass<OrderEntity>(OrdersTable)

    var user by UserEntity referencedOn OrdersTable.userId
    var status by OrdersTable.status
    var totalAmount by OrdersTable.totalAmount
    var currency by OrdersTable.currency
    var createdAt by OrdersTable.createdAt

    val items by OrderItemEntity referrersOn OrderItemsTable.orderId
}

suspend fun findUserByEmail(email: String): User? =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UserEntity.find { UsersTable.email eq email }
            .firstOrNull()
            ?.toModel()
    }

suspend fun createUser(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UserEntity.new {
            name = request.name
            email = request.email
            role = request.role
        }.toModel()
    }

suspend fun updateUser(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User? =
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        UserEntity.findById(id)?.apply {
            request.name?.let { name = it }
            request.email?.let { email = it }
            updatedAt = OffsetDateTime.now(ZoneOffset.UTC)
        }?.toModel()
    }

// 良い例: コルーチンサポートのために newSuspendedTransaction を使用
suspend fun performDatabaseOperation(): Result<User> =
    runCatching {
        newSuspendedTransaction {
            val user = UserEntity.new {
                name = "Alice"
                email = "alice@example.com"
            }
            // このブロック内のすべての操作はアトミック
            user.toModel()
        }
    }

// 良い例: セーブポイントによるネストされたトランザクション
suspend fun transferFunds(fromId: UUID, toId: UUID, amount: Long) {
    newSuspendedTransaction {
        val from = UserEntity.findById(fromId) ?: throw NotFoundException("User $fromId not found")
        val to = UserEntity.findById(toId) ?: throw NotFoundException("User $toId not found")

        // デビット
        from.balance -= amount
        // クレジット
        to.balance += amount

        // 両方が成功するか両方が失敗するか
    }
}

suspend fun readCommittedQuery(): List<User> =
    newSuspendedTransaction(transactionIsolation = Connection.TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED) {
        UserEntity.all().map { it.toModel() }
    }

suspend fun serializableOperation() {
    newSuspendedTransaction(transactionIsolation = Connection.TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE) {
        // クリティカルな操作のための最も厳格な分離レベル
    }
}

interface UserRepository {
    suspend fun findById(id: UUID): User?
    suspend fun findByEmail(email: String): User?
    suspend fun findAll(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<User>
    suspend fun search(query: String): List<User>
    suspend fun create(request: CreateUserRequest): User
    suspend fun update(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User?
    suspend fun delete(id: UUID): Boolean
    suspend fun count(): Long
}

class ExposedUserRepository(
    private val database: Database,
) : UserRepository {

    override suspend fun findById(id: UUID): User? =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            UsersTable.selectAll()
                .where { UsersTable.id eq id }
                .map { it.toUser() }
                .singleOrNull()
        }

    override suspend fun findByEmail(email: String): User? =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            UsersTable.selectAll()
                .where { UsersTable.email eq email }
                .map { it.toUser() }
                .singleOrNull()
        }

    override suspend fun findAll(page: Int, limit: Int): Page<User> =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            val total = UsersTable.selectAll().count()
            val data = UsersTable.selectAll()
                .orderBy(UsersTable.createdAt, SortOrder.DESC)
                .limit(limit)
                .offset(((page - 1) * limit).toLong())
                .map { it.toUser() }
            Page(data = data, total = total, page = page, limit = limit)
        }

    override suspend fun search(query: String): List<User> =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            val sanitized = escapeLikePattern(query.lowercase())
            UsersTable.selectAll()
                .where {
                    (UsersTable.name.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%") or
                        (UsersTable.email.lowerCase() like "%${sanitized}%")
                }
                .orderBy(UsersTable.name)
                .map { it.toUser() }
        }

    override suspend fun create(request: CreateUserRequest): User =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            UsersTable.insert {
                it[name] = request.name
                it[email] = request.email
                it[role] = request.role
            }.resultedValues!!.first().toUser()
        }

    override suspend fun update(id: UUID, request: UpdateUserRequest): User? =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            val updated = UsersTable.update({ UsersTable.id eq id }) {
                request.name?.let { name -> it[UsersTable.name] = name }
                request.email?.let { email -> it[UsersTable.email] = email }
                it[updatedAt] = CurrentTimestampWithTimeZone
            }
            if (updated > 0) findById(id) else null
        }

    override suspend fun delete(id: UUID): Boolean =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            UsersTable.deleteWhere { UsersTable.id eq id } > 0
        }

    override suspend fun count(): Long =
        newSuspendedTransaction(db = database) {
            UsersTable.selectAll().count()
        }

    private fun ResultRow.toUser() = User(
        id = this[UsersTable.id].value,
        name = this[UsersTable.name],
        email = this[UsersTable.email],
        role = this[UsersTable.role],
        metadata = this[UsersTable.metadata],
        createdAt = this[UsersTable.createdAt],
        updatedAt = this[UsersTable.updatedAt],
    )
}

// JSONB のカスタムカラム型
inline fun <reified T : Any> Table.jsonb(
    name: String,
    json: Json,
): Column<T> = registerColumn(name, object : ColumnType<T>() {
    override fun sqlType() = "JSONB"

    override fun valueFromDB(value: Any): T = when (value) {
        is String -> json.decodeFromString(value)
        is PGobject -> {
            val jsonString = value.value
                ?: throw IllegalArgumentException("PGobject value is null for column '$name'")
            json.decodeFromString(jsonString)
        }
        else -> throw IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected value: $value")
    }

    override fun notNullValueToDB(value: T): Any =
        PGobject().apply {
            type = "jsonb"
            this.value = json.encodeToString(value)
        }
})

// テーブルでの使用
@Serializable
data class UserMetadata(
    val preferences: Map<String, String> = emptyMap(),
    val tags: List<String> = emptyList(),
)

object UsersTable : UUIDTable("users") {
    val metadata = jsonb<UserMetadata>("metadata", Json.Default).nullable()
}

class UserRepositoryTest : FunSpec({
    lateinit var database: Database
    lateinit var repository: UserRepository

    beforeSpec {
        database = Database.connect(
            url = "jdbc:h2:mem:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1;MODE=PostgreSQL",
            driver = "org.h2.Driver",
        )
        transaction(database) {
            SchemaUtils.create(UsersTable)
        }
        repository = ExposedUserRepository(database)
    }

    beforeTest {
        transaction(database) {
            UsersTable.deleteAll()
        }
    }

    test("create and find user") {
        val user = repository.create(CreateUserRequest("Alice", "alice@example.com"))

        user.name shouldBe "Alice"
        user.email shouldBe "alice@example.com"

        val found = repository.findById(user.id)
        found shouldBe user
    }

    test("findByEmail returns null for unknown email") {
        val result = repository.findByEmail("unknown@example.com")
        result.shouldBeNull()
    }

    test("pagination works correctly") {
        repeat(25) { i ->
            repository.create(CreateUserRequest("User $i", "user$i@example.com"))
        }

        val page1 = repository.findAll(page = 1, limit = 10)
        page1.data shouldHaveSize 10
        page1.total shouldBe 25
        page1.hasNext shouldBe true

        val page3 = repository.findAll(page = 3, limit = 10)
        page3.data shouldHaveSize 5
        page3.hasNext shouldBe false
    }
})

// build.gradle.kts
dependencies {
    // Exposed
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-core:1.0.0")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-dao:1.0.0")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-jdbc:1.0.0")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-kotlin-datetime:1.0.0")
    implementation("org.jetbrains.exposed:exposed-json:1.0.0")

    // データベースドライバー
    implementation("org.postgresql:postgresql:42.7.5")

    // 接続プーリング
    implementation("com.zaxxer:HikariCP:6.2.1")

    // マイグレーション
    implementation("org.flywaydb:flyway-core:10.22.0")
    implementation("org.flywaydb:flyway-database-postgresql:10.22.0")

    // テスト
    testImplementation("com.h2database:h2:2.3.232")
}