Security and Hardening

Security and Hardening

Overview

Security-first development practices for web applications. Treat every external input as hostile, every secret as sacred, and every authorization check as mandatory. Security isn't a phase — it's a constraint on every line of code that touches user data, authentication, or external systems.

When to Use

• Building anything that accepts user input
• Implementing authentication or authorization
• Storing or transmitting sensitive data
• Integrating with external APIs or services
• Adding file uploads, webhooks, or callbacks
• Handling payment or PII data

Process: Threat Model First

Controls bolted on without a threat model are guesses. Before hardening, spend five minutes thinking like an attacker:

1. Map the trust boundaries. Where does untrusted data cross into your system? HTTP requests, form fields, file uploads, webhooks, third-party APIs, message queues, and LLM output — plus the local values that look internal because the OS handed them to you: another process's command line or environment, filenames on a shared volume, a path in a job payload. Trust follows who wrote a value, not which channel delivered it. Every boundary is attack surface.
2. Name the assets. What's worth stealing or breaking? Credentials, PII, payment data, admin actions, money movement.
3. Run STRIDE over each boundary — a quick lens, not a ceremony:

4. Write abuse cases next to use cases. For each feature, ask "how would I misuse this?" — then make that your first test.

If you can't name the trust boundaries for a feature, you're not ready to secure it. This is OWASP A04: Insecure Design — most breaches begin in design, not code.

The Three-Tier Boundary System

Always Do (No Exceptions)

• Validate all external input at the system boundary (API routes, form handlers)
• Parameterize all database queries — never concatenate user input into SQL
• Encode output to prevent XSS (use framework auto-escaping, don't bypass it)
• Use HTTPS for all external communication
• Hash passwords with bcrypt/scrypt/argon2 (never store plaintext)
• Set security headers (CSP, HSTS, X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options)
• Use httpOnly, secure, sameSite cookies for sessions
• Run the detected package manager's native audit against the committed lockfile before every release

Ask First (Requires Human Approval)

• Adding new authentication flows or changing auth logic
• Storing new categories of sensitive data (PII, payment info)
• Adding new external service integrations
• Changing CORS configuration
• Adding file upload handlers
• Modifying rate limiting or throttling
• Granting elevated permissions or roles

Never Do

• Never commit secrets to version control (API keys, passwords, tokens)
• Never log sensitive data (passwords, tokens, full credit card numbers)
• Never trust client-side validation as a security boundary
• Never disable security headers for convenience
• Never use eval() or innerHTML with user-provided data
• Never store sessions in client-accessible storage (localStorage for auth tokens)
• Never expose stack traces or internal error details to users

Hardening Controls

The rules below are the workflow; a concrete implementation of each lives in references/hardening-patterns.md. Open the section you need when you reach that code, not before.

Injection, XSS, and access control

• Parameterize every query. Never build SQL, NoSQL, or shell commands from input strings.
• Encode output through the framework's auto-escaping. If raw HTML is unavoidable, sanitize with an allowlist sanitizer first.
• Check authorization on every request, not just authentication: the authenticated user must own, or be permitted on, the specific resource (A01, IDOR).

Patterns: Injection, XSS, Access control.

Authentication and sessions

• Hash passwords with bcrypt (≥12 rounds), scrypt, or argon2. The session secret comes from the environment, never from code.
• Session cookies are httpOnly, secure, and sameSite: 'lax' or 'strict' (the CSRF defense; 'none' sends the cookie on cross-site requests), with a bounded maxAge.

Pattern: Authentication.

Headers, CORS, and responses

• Security headers on every response (helmet or the framework equivalent); CSP starts from default-src 'self' and is tightened, not loosened.
• CORS restricted to an explicit origin list from configuration. Never * with credentials.
• Strip sensitive fields (passwordHash, reset tokens) before any response. Error bodies are generic; internals go to server logs only.

Patterns: Misconfiguration, Sensitive data exposure.

Input validation and uploads

• Validate at the boundary with a schema: allowlisted shape, lengths, enums, formats. Reject with 422 and structured details; downstream code uses only the parsed, typed value.
• Uploads: allowlist MIME types, cap size, verify content (magic bytes) when it matters. The extension proves nothing.

Patterns: Schema validation, File upload.

Server-side fetches (SSRF)

Any URL the user influences — webhooks, import-from-URL, image proxies, link previews — can be aimed at internal services. Allowlist scheme and host, resolve all DNS records and reject any private or reserved address (loopback, link-local 169.254.169.254, private, unique-local, for IPv4 and IPv6), and forbid redirects. That check still has a DNS-rebinding TOCTOU gap: for high-risk surfaces, pin the resolved IP or put a filtering agent in front.

Pattern: SSRF.

Destructive operations on derived paths

A delete, move, or overwrite is only as safe as the value naming its target, and trust follows who wrote that value, not which channel delivered it: another process's command line is as attacker-controlled as a form field. A shape check proves well-formedness, not authorization. Before the call, require all three: the resolved target (symlinks resolved) sits under an allowlisted root; it is at least one level below that root; and it carries ownership evidence read before the operation. On refusal, log the rejected target and stop; never fall back to a broader default path.

Why the check is weaker than it reads (marker self-attestation, check/use races): Destructive paths. Worked code: ../../references/security-checklist.md.

Rate limiting

Limit the API generally and auth endpoints strictly (about 10 attempts per 15 minutes). Once more than one process serves traffic, in-memory counters silently become max × instances, or never fire on serverless: back the limiter with a shared store.

Pattern: Rate limiting.

Secrets

Secrets come from the environment. .env.example is committed with placeholders; real .env* files and key material are gitignored; grep the staged diff before committing. A secret that reaches a remote is compromised the moment it lands: rotate it first, then purge history.

Pattern: Secrets management.

Dependencies and supply chain

1. Find the installation boundary and manager. Use the workspace root that owns the lockfile, or an independent nested project only when it is outside that workspace. Corroborate packageManager (when present), the lockfile, and CI; stop on disagreement or competing lockfiles. Pin the manager version.
2. Block dependency scripts before first execution. Bootstrap with scripts disabled or a documented fail-closed policy, inspect the pending script source, approve only the minimum, commit the policy, then verify with a clean frozen/immutable install. Never blanket-approve.
3. Run the native audit against the committed lockfile before every release. Triage critical/high by reachability (runtime, build, test, deploy paths) and fix availability. Never apply forced remediation (npm audit fix --force or equivalent) automatically, since forced fixes may cross declared dependency ranges; preview, read changelogs, test each upgrade. Document every deferral with a reason and a review date.
4. Audits only match known advisories. They do not catch a newly malicious or typosquatted package (cross-env vs crossenv). Review new dependencies, lockfile diffs, and script-policy changes together: ownership, maintenance, release age, provenance, transitive graph. Verify registry signatures where supported (npm audit signatures, pnpm audit signatures) and treat their absence as a signal to investigate, not automatic proof of compromise (A06, LLM03).

Triage decision tree: Dependency audit triage. Manager matrix and install-script gate: ../../references/security-checklist.md.